1 Introduction1
1.1 Let me Start with a Story 3
1.2 Status of Megaprojects 6
1.3 Purpose 8
1.4 Methodological Approach 9
1.5 Readership 11
1.5.1 Managers and Engineers Working for Construction Companies 12
1.5.2 Owners of Megaprojects 12
1.5.3 Designers of Megaprojects 12
1.5.4 Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors Working for the Owner 12
1.5.5 Managers and Engineers of Large Civil Engineering Projects 13
1.5.6 Lecturers and Students 13
1.5.7 Academe 13
1.6 Structure of the Text 13
2 Theoretical Background17
2.1 Definitions 17
2.2 Cognitive Maps 18
2.3 Descriptive Management Research 19
2.4 Guiding Theories 20
2.4.1 Luhmannian Systems Theory 20
2.4.2 Contingency Theory 21
2.4.3 New Institutional Economics 22
3 Advanced Construction Project Management25
3.1 Construction 26
3.2 Management 28
4 Characteristics of Megaprojects33
4.1 Project Typology 34
4.1.1 Conceptualizing Criteria 35
4.1.2 Choice of Dimensions 36
4.1.3 Typical Cases 37
4.1.4 Typology 37
4.2 Complexity of Megaprojects 41
4.2.1 Defining Complexity 42
4.2.2 Construct Dimensions of Complexity 43
4.2.3 Factors of the Construct Dimensions 44
4.2.4 Complexity Development 46
5 International Construction Management49
5.1 International Construction Joint Ventures 49
5.2 Global Contractors 51
5.3 Goals for International Construction Joint Ventures 53
5.4 Success Factors for Megaprojects 56
5.5 Key Personnel 59
5.6 Expatriate Life 61
6 Megaproject Phases and Activity Groups63
6.1 Project Idea and Project Development 65
6.2 Design Phases 66
6.3 Market Contacts, Bidding Period, and Contract Negotiations 67
6.3.1 Market Contacts 67
6.3.2 Bidding Period 69
6.3.3 Contract Negotiations 70
6.4 Construction and Maintenance 71
6.4.1 Planning and Procurement 73
6.4.1.1 Task Complexity 73
6.4.1.2 Social Complexity 74
6.4.1.3 Cultural Complexity 75
6.4.1.4 Cognitive Complexity 76
6.4.1.5 Operative Complexity 76
6.4.2 Testing the Construction Technology 76
6.4.2.1 Task Complexity 77
6.4.2.2 Social Complexity 78
6.4.2.3 Cultural Complexity 78
6.4.2.4 Cognitive Complexity 78
6.4.2.5 Operative Complexity 78
6.4.3 Mastering the Construction Technology 79
6.4.3.1 Task Complexity 79
6.4.3.2 Social Complexity 80
6.4.3.3 Cultural Complexity 80
6.4.3.4 Cognitive Complexity 80
6.4.3.5 Operative Complexity 80
6.4.4 Stabilization of all Construction Processes 81
6.4.4.1 Task Complexity 81
6.4.4.2 Social and Cultural Complexity 81
6.4.4.3 Cognitive and Operative Complexity 82
6.4.5 Routine Processes 82
6.4.5.1 Task Complexity 83
6.4.5.2 Social and Cultural Complexity 83
6.4.5.3 Cognitive and Operative Complexity 83
6.4.6 Demobilization of the Project 83
6.4.6.1 Task Complexity 84
6.4.6.2 Social and Cultural Complexities 84
6.4.6.3 Cognitive Complexity 84
6.4.6.4 Operative Complexity 84
6.4.7 Management Roles During Construction 84
6.4.8 The Course of Complexity throughout the Activity Groups 86
6.4.8.1 Task Complexity 88
6.4.8.2 Social Complexity 88
6.4.8.3 Cultural Complexity 88
6.4.8.4 Cognitive Complexity 88
6.4.8.5 Operative Complexity 88
7 Descriptive Megaproject Management Model89
7.1 Management Functions 90
7.1.1 Complex Engineering Tasks 91
7.1.1.1 Design/Design Management 91
7.1.1.2 Project Management 91
7.1.1.3 Production Planning 91
7.1.1.4 Site Installation 92
7.1.1.5 Construction Management 92
7.1.2 Management Functions 92
7.1.2.1 Planning and Controlling 92
7.1.2.2 Organizing and Staffing 93
7.1.2.3 Directing 93
7.1.3 Meta-functions 93
7.1.3.1 Decision-Making 93
7.1.3.2 Communication 93
7.1.3.3 Coordination 94
7.1.3.4 Learning 94
7.1.4 Basic Functions 94
7.1.4.1 Project Knowledge 94
7.1.4.2 Trust 94
7.1.4.3 Sensemaking 94
7.1.4.4 Commitment 95
7.1.5 Cultural Dimensions 95
7.1.5.1 Power Distance 95
7.1.5.2 Uncertainty Avoidance 95
7.1.5.3 Individualism 96
7.1.5.4 Masculinity 96
7.1.5.5 Long-term Orientation 96
7.1.5.6 Indulgence 96
7.2 Management Functions and Complexity 96
7.2.1 Management Functions and Task Complexity 96
7.2.2 Management Functions and Social Complexity 98
7.2.3 Cultural Dimensions and Cultural Complexity 98
7.2.4 Management Functions and Cognitive Complexity 99
7.2.5 Management Functions and Operative Complexity 101
7.3 Combining Management and Complexity 102
8 Engineering Management105
8.1 Design and Design Management 105
8.1.1 Design Management 105
8.1.2 Design 109
8.2 Project Management 111
8.2.1 Integration Management 112
8.2.2 Scope Management 113
8.2.3 Time Management 113
8.2.4 Cost Management 114
8.2.5 Quality Management 115
8.2.6 Human Resource Management 116
8.2.7 Communication Management 117
8.2.8 Risk Management 118
8.2.9 Procurement Management 120
8.2.10 Stakeholder Management 121
8.2.11 Health, Safety, and Environmental Management 123
8.2.12 Contract Management 123
8.3 Production Planning 125
8.4 Site Installation 129
8.5 Construction 135
9 Management Functions139
9.1 Planning 141
9.1.1 Analysis 143
9.1.2 Developing New Plans 143
9.1.3 Analytical Framework for Planning 144
9.1.4 Planning System for Megaprojects 145
9.1.4.1 Corporate Governance Plan 146
9.1.4.2 Legal Affairs Plans 146
9.1.4.3 Project and Quality Management Plans 146
9.1.4.4 Codification Management Plan 147
9.1.4.5 Document Management Plan 147
9.1.4.6 Schedule and Cost Management Plans 148
9.1.4.7 Change Management Plan 148
9.1.4.8 Risk Management Plan 148
9.1.4.9 Communication and Reporting Management Plans 148
9.1.4.10 Stakeholder Management Plan 149
9.1.4.11 Configuration Management Plan 149
9.1.4.12 HSE Management Plan 149
9.1.4.13 Design Management and Overall Design Requirements Plan 149
9.1.4.14 Technical Interface and EIA Management Plans 149
9.1.4.15 Testing Procedures, Commissioning, and Operations/Inspection Plans 149
9.1.4.16 Construction, Logistics, and Traffic Management Plans 150
9.1.4.17 Commercial, Procurement, Contract, Financing, Controlling, and Tax/Insurance Management Plans 150
9.1.4.18 Administration Management Plans 150
9.2 Controlling 150
9.3 Organizing 155
9.3.1 Organizational Structure 157
9.3.2 Process Organization 161
9.3.3 Organizational Rules 162
9.4 Directing 163
9.5 Staffing 167
10 Meta-Functions171
10.1 Decision-Making 171
10.2 Communication 177
10.2.1 Megaproject Communication 178
10.2.2 Communication Models 178
10.2.2.1 Dialog-Based Model by Watzlawick 179
10.2.2.2 Encoder/Decoder Model by Shannon and Weaver 179
10.2.2.3 Four-Aspect Model by Schulz von Thun 182
10.2.3 Communication Methods 182
10.2.4 Communication Organization 185
10.3 Coordination 188
10.3.1 Coordination Methods 189
10.3.2 Fragmented Supply Chain 191
10.4 Learning 193
11 Basic Functions199
11.1 Project Knowledge 199
11.2 Trust 202
11.3 Sensemaking 206
11.4 Commitment 209
12 Cultural Management215
13 Innovation in Construction Megaprojects223
13.1 Aspects of Innovation 225
13.1.1 Methodology and Case Study Choice 227
13.1.2 Innovations and Trajectories 230
13.1.2.1 Product Innovations 231
13.1.2.2 Construction Technology Innovations 234
13.1.2.3 Innovations Within the Technical Organization 235
13.1.2.4 InnovationsWithin the Management Organization 236
13.1.2.5 Innovations Within the Legal Organization 237
13.1.3 Conclusions and Implications 237
13.1.3.1 Megaprojects are Innovative 237
13.1.3.2 Strings of Incremental Innovations 238
13.1.3.3 Innovation in Megaprojects is Systemic 238
13.1.3.4 Innovation is not Necessarily Beneficial to All Parties 238
13.1.3.5 Contractors Can Manage Single-Project Innovations in Megaprojects into Good Currency 238
13.1.3.6 Innovation Champions Act on All Hierarchical Levels 238
13.2 The Innovation Process 239
13.2.1 Introduction 239
13.2.2 Approaches to Generate Innovation and Definition 240
13.2.3 Innovation Process Models and Barriers to Innovation 241
13.2.4 Data Summary 242
13.2.5 The General Model of the Innovation Process 244
13.2.5.1 Project Planning 244
13.2.5.2 Nine Partially Overlapping Process Groups 245
13.2.6 Product and Process Innovations for the BangNa Expressway 248
13.2.7 Process Innovations for the Great Belt Tunnel 249
13.2.8 Conclusions 251
13.3 Progress Functions 252
13.3.1 Theory and Terminology 253
13.3.2 Literature Review 255
13.3.3 Research 257
13.3.4 Data Analysis and Discussion 262
13.3.5 Discussion and Conclusion 264
14 All in All, What Does It Mean?267
References 269
Index 279
