A comprehensive guide to understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism in this modern age
This book provides readers with a thorough understanding of the types of attacks that may be perpetrated, and how to identify potential targets, conduct a meaningful vulnerability analysis, and apply protective measures to secure personnel and facilities. The new edition ofUnderstanding, Assessing, and Responding to Terrorism updates existing material and includes several new topics that have emerged, including information on new international terrorist groups as well as a new chapter on Regulations and Standards.
A vulnerability analysis methodology, consisting of several stepswhich include the techniques necessary to conduct a vulnerability analysisis introduced and applied through several sample scenarios. By using easily customized templates for the screening process, valuation of a critical asset as a target, vulnerability analysis, security procedures, emergency response procedures, and training programs, the book offers a practical step-by-step process to help reduce risk. Each different type of terrorism is briefly discussedhowever, the book focuses on those potential attacks that may involve weapons of mass destruction. There is a discussion of what physical and administrative enhancements can be implemented to improve a facility's ability to devalue, detect, deter, deny, delay, defend, respond, and recover to a real or threatened terrorist attackwhether it be at a facility, or in the community. Techniques on how personnel safety and security can be improved through the implementation of counter-terrorism programs are also outlined.
An overview of the major counter-terrorism regulations and standards are presented, along with the significant governmental efforts that have been implemented to help prevent terrorist attacks and foster preparedness at both private and public sector facilities and for personnel.
Understanding, Assessing, and Responding to Terrorism, Second Edition:
Updates existing material, plus includes several new topics that have emerged including information on new international terrorist groups, new terrorist tactics, cyber terrorism, and Regulations and StandardsOutlines techniques for improving facility and personnel safety and security through the implementation of counter-terrorism programsUnites the emergency response/public sector community with the private sector over infrastructure protection, thus allowing for easier communication between themIncludes questions/exercises at the end of each chapter and a solutions manual to facilitate its use as a textbook
Understanding, Assessing, and Responding to Terrorism, Second Edition is a must-have reference for private and public sector risk managers, safety engineers, security professionals, facility managers, emergency responders, and others charged with protecting facilities and personnel from all types of hazards (accidental, intentional, and natural).
Preface xiii
1 The Terrorist Threat 1
1.1 What Is Terrorism? 1
1.2 The History of Terrorism 1
1.3 The Motivation for Terrorism 2
1.4 Can the Use of Terrorism be Justified? 3
1.5 The Role of Media in Terrorism 3
1.6 The Role of Social Media in Terrorism 4
1.7 Encryption 4
1.8 Civil Liberty and Terrorism 5
1.9 Terrorism Statistics 5
1.10 Purpose of Terrorism 8
1.11 Goals of Terrorism 8
1.12 Case Study: Economic Effects of a Terrorist Attack 9
1.13 Objectives of Terrorism 9
1.14 The Terrorism Challenge 10
1.15 The Evolution of Terrorism 10
1.16 Terrorist Tactics 10
1.17 Difference between Terrorism and Insurgency 10
1.18 The Difference between a Terrorist Attack, a Criminal Event, and Suspicious Activity 11
1.19 Case Study: Crime versus Terrorism 12
1.20 Common Terms in Terrorism 12
1.21 Types of Terrorist Organizations 14
1.22 International Terrorism 16
1.23 Examples of International Terrorist Groups 18
1.24 Recent International Terrorist Attacks 25
1.25 Domestic Terrorism 30
1.26 Examples of Domestic Terrorist Groups 32
1.27 Recent Domestic Terrorist Attacks 33
References 35
Questions 35
Project 35
2 Critical Infrastructure 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Evolution of the Definition of Critical Infrastructure 37
2.3 Current Definition of Critical Infrastructure 40
2.4 Definition of Key Resources 41
2.5 Definition of Key Assets 41
2.6 Discussion of Critical Infrastructure 42
2.7 Soft Targets 49
2.8 Hard Targets 49
2.9 Cascading Effects from Interdependencies of Critical Infrastructures 50
2.10 Coordination of Critical Infrastructure Protection 51
2.11 Selection of Critical Infrastructure, Key Resources, and Key Assets 53
2.12 Identification and Selection of Soft Targets by a Jurisdiction 54
2.13 Target Attractiveness 54
2.14 Inventorying and Prioritizing Critical Infrastructure/Key Resources/Key Assets/ Soft Targets 55
References 64
Questions 65
Project 65
Appendix 2.1 Executive Order 13010 by President William J. Clinton 65
Appendix 2.2 Presidential Decision Directive 63 by President William J. Clinton 67
Annex A: Structure and Organization 71
Annex B: Additional Taskings 73
Appendix 2.3 Executive Order 13228 by President George W. Bush 75
Appendix 2.4 Executive Order 13231 by President George W. Bush 79
Appendix 2.5 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 by President George W. Bush 85
Appendix 2.6 Presidential Policy Directive 21 by President Barack Obama 90
3 Types of Terrorist Attacks 99
3.1 Introduction 99
3.2 Types of Destructive Events 99
3.3 Who Can Execute an Attack? 100
3.4 Ways in Which a Critical Asset May Be Attacked 101
3.5 Target Selection 103
3.6 Identifying Lucrative Targets 104
3.7 Characteristics of a Terrorist Attack 106
3.8 Results of a Successful Terrorist Attack 106
3.9 Terrorist Tactics 107
3.10 Case Study of a Terrorist Attack 119
3.11 The Interrupted Terrorist Plots 120
References 120
Questions 121
Project 121
Appendix 3.1 Executive Order 13636 by President Barack Obama Executive Order 13636 of February 12, 2013 121
Appendix 3.2 Presidential Policy Directive 21 by President Barack Obama 126
Appendix 3.3 Presidential Policy Directive 41 by Barack Obama 133
4 Weapons of Mass Destruction 137
4.1 Introduction 137
4.2 History of Weapons of Mass Destruction 138
4.3 Why Use a Weapon of Mass Destruction? 139
4.4 Limitations of the Use of Weapon of Mass Destruction Materials 139
4.5 Indicators of a Possible Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 140
4.6 Results of a Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 140
4.7 How a Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Agent Can Enter the Body 140
4.8 Effectiveness of a Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attack 141
4.9 Obtaining a Weapon of Mass Destruction 142
4.10 Questions about Weapons of Mass Destruction 142
4.11 Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction 143
4.12 Other Weapons Used by Terrorists 178
4.13 Weaponization of Chemical and Biological Agents 179
References 184
Questions 184
Project 185
5 The Terrorists Preparation for an Attack 187
5.1 General 187
5.2 Target Considerations 187
5.3 The Terrorists Investment 187
5.4 Example of Terrorist Financing 188
5.5 Eight Indicators of Terrorism 189
5.6 Raising Suspicion 200
5.7 Summary of Attack Process 200
References 201
Questions 201
Project 201
6 Risk and Threat Assessment 203
6.1 Introduction 203
6.2 Definitions 203
6.3 The Risk of Attack 203
6.4 Risk 204
6.5 Risk Management 212
6.6 Risk Assessment and Management Approach 216
6.7 Probability of Attack Occurrence 221
6.8 Consequences of a Successful Attack 222
6.9 The CARVER Assessment Tool 222
6.10 Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Guide (THIRA) 225
References 233
Questions 233
Project 233
Appendix 6.1 Presidential Policy Directive 8 by President Barack Obama 233
7 The Security Vulnerability Analysis 237
7.1 Introduction 237
7.2 What is a Security Vulnerability Analysis? 237
7.3 The Purpose of a Security Vulnerability Analysis 238
7.4 Preparing to Conduct a Security Vulnerability Analysis 240
7.5 The Security Vulnerability Analysis Process 240
7.6 Administrative Functions in the Security Vulnerability Analysis Process 246
7.7 Risk Assessment 248
7.8 Preparing to Conduct a Threat and Risk Analysis 249
7.9 The Buffer Zone Protection Plan 254
7.10 The CARVER Target Analysis Tool 255
Reference 257
Questions 257
Project 257
8 Principles of Protective Security 259
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 Prevention 259
8.3 Information Collection 260
8.4 Information Sharing 260
8.5 Risk Mitigation 262
8.6 CostBenefit Analysis 262
8.7 Situational Awareness 263
8.8 Security 264
8.9 Suspicious Activity 268
8.10 What Can Be Done to Protect People and Facilities 270
8.11 Conclusion 277
8.12 References 278
Questions 278
Project 278
9 Effective Security Countermeasures 279
9.1 Introduction 279
9.2 Counterterrorism Policy: National Security Strategy 279
9.3 Hardening and Strengthening 280
9.4 What Are Security Countermeasures? 281
9.5 Management of Change 285
9.6 Risk Management 285
9.7 Critical Asset Resiliency 285
9.8 Critical Infrastructure Protection 288
9.9 Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks 289
9.10 All Hazards Protection 291
9.11 CostBenefit Analysis 291
9.12 Information Sharing and Analysis Centers 291
9.13 Private Sectors Responsibility 291
9.14 Protecting Critical Infrastructure, Key Resources, and Key Assets 292
9.15 Standoff Distance 303
9.16 Response to an Active Shooter 303
9.17 Preparing for Attacks on Transportation 306
9.18 Administrative Security Enhancements 306
9.19 Recommendations for Enhanced Security Through Various ISACs 320
References 326
Questions 327
Project 327
Appendix 9.1 Directive on National Continuity Policy, NSPD 51/HSPD 20, by President George W. Bush 327
Appendix 9.2 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8 by President George W. Bush 331
10 General Emergency Response Considerations 335
10.1 Introduction 335
10.2 Definition of First Responder 335
10.3 Emergency Response Plans 335
10.4 Pre-incident Planning 337
10.5 Drills and Exercises 338
10.6 Emergency Response Priorities 341
10.7 Operational Risk Management 342
10.8 Situational Awareness 344
10.9 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 344
10.10 The Incident Command System 347
10.11 Determining Potential Outcomes 353
10.12 Approving the Level of Personal Protective Equipment 354
10.13 Developing a Plan of Action 356
10.14 Components of the Incident Command System 359
10.15 Media Relations 366
10.16 Evaluating Progress of the Plan of Action 368
10.17 Terminating the Incident 368
10.18 Critical Incident Stress 370
10.19 Family Preparedness 371
References 371
Questions 271
Project 271
Appendix 10.1 Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 by President George W. Bush 372
Appendix 10.2 Incident Command System Form 208 376
11 Emergency Response to a Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 379
11.1 Introduction 379
11.2 Use of a Weapon of Mass Destruction 379
11.3 The Emergency Scene as a Crime Scene 379
11.4 Size Up 381
11.5 The Secondary Device 381
11.6 Evacuation of Personnel in a Weapon of Mass Destruction Attack 382
11.7 Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Agents 384
11.8 Emergency Response Actions at the Scene of a Weapon of Mass Destruction Incident 384
References 411
Questions 411
Project 411
12 Homeland Security Laws, Regulations, and Standards 413
12.1 What Is Homeland Security? 413
12.2 2002 National Strategy for Homeland Security 413
12.3 The 2007 National Strategy for Homeland Security 421
12.4 Office of Homeland Security 423
12.5 The Department of Homeland Security 423
12.6 The Transportation Security Administration 426
12.7 The Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards 427
12.8 The Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards of 2014 428
12.9 Chemical Terrorism Vulnerability Information 428
12.10 cvi Authorized User Training 430
12.11 Protected Critical Infrastructure Information Program 430
12.12 Chemical Security Assessment Tool 432
12.13 CFATS Top Screen 432
12.14 Enhanced CFATS Tiering Methodology 433
12.15 Security Vulnerability Assessment 435
12.16 Site Security Plan/Alternative Security Plan 435
12.17 CFATS Facility Inspections 437
12.18 CFATS Ongoing Compliance 438
12.19 Regional Resiliency Assessment Program 438
12.20 Maritime Transportation Security Act 439
12.21 US Coast Guard Maritime Security Levels 443
12.22 Transportation Worker Identification Credential 444
References 444
Questions 445
Project 445
Appendix 12.1 Authorizing Statute for the Chemical Facility Anti-terrorism Standards Regulations (6 CFR Part 27) 445
Appendix 12.2 CFATS Appendix A, List of COI, and STQ 447
Appendix 12.3 CFATS Act of 2014 463
Appendix 12.4 US Coast Guard Facility Vulnerability and Security Measures Summary 477
Index 481
