Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2013 in the subject Medicine - Neoplasms, Oncology, language: English, abstract: Cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem, not only in the United States, but also worldwide. Nearly all cervical cancer cases are linked to genital infection with human papillomavirus, a common sexually transmitted virus, raising concerns that more cases of cervical cancer may arise among young and menopausal women. And yet, cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable disease; hence, if detected and treated in its early stages, the survival rate is fairly high. However, researchers at the National Cancer Institute have suggested that the high incidence and death rates of cervical cancer can be considered as markers of access to medical care, which highlight the need for developing evaluation programs aimed at reducing the risk of developing cervical cancer. The main objective of this paper was to develop a plan for the evaluation of cervical cancer prevention strategies targeting American females in the post-HPV vaccination era. Relevant articles were identified by searching databases and viewing reports, and other documents. The paper proposes an outcome-based evaluation of the current approach to cervical cancer prevention. A mixed methods framework could be employed, and emphasis should be placed on technical, practical, and ethical issues concerning program implementation.

Dr. Widad Akrawi is a geneticist and global health expert, and one of Scandinavia's most successful female human rights and peace activists. Born in Kurdistan region, she graduated as a civil engineer in 1990, and proceeded on to the Technical University of Denmark where she earned a Masters degree in genetics and microbiology. After graduation, she served as a clinical geneticist and researcher in human genetics and inherited diseases at the Danish Royal Hospital, the largest hospital in Denmark and a leading university hospital in Northern Europe. She has also earned a PhD degree in global health and (cancer) epidemiology, with her dissertation focusing on analysing the 1999-2010 NHANES datasets on lung cancer development and vitamin E intake and the potential modification effects of dietary fat and fatty acids intake. Dr. Akrawi became a published author in 2003 and has since published several medical textbooks and academic articles. After researching the concept of victim psychology and the effects of various types of trauma on individuals' psychological health, her first novel entitled "Tara's Book", written in Danish, was published in Copenhagen. The book was translated to Norwegian in 2005, published in Oslo, and recognised by the Norwegian Cultural Council. Her eBook, entitled "Under Håbets Skygge" (Under the Shadow of Hope), also in Danish, was published in 2013 at Amazon.com and Lulu.com. Her medical books and scholarly research papers can be found on Amazon and elsewhere. All revenues generated from the sales of her publications are completely donated to charity. Dr. Akrawi currently leads Defend International, a Norway-based NGO that is devoted to medical research and human rights. Over the years, she has addressed and attended numerous regional and international meetings and conferences, such as the United Nations Third and Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, the UN Commission on The Status of Women, the General Assembly Interactive Hearings with Non-Governmental organisations, Civil society organisations and the Private sector, and the UN First Committee on Disarmament and International Security. She has held many leadership positions in national and international organisations, including Executive Board member of Amnesty International Denmark, ambassador for Amnesty International's "Stop Torture" campaign, and member of the Panel of Vestby Experts on approaches to socio-cultural constructivism. At present, she is an Executive Board member of Women of Europe Award, an active member of International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA), a board member of IANSA Women's Network Working Group, and a senior lobbyist at the UN, encouraging member states to sign and ratify the international Arms Trade Treaty during the meetings that take place at the UN General Assembly's First Committee on Disarmament and International Security.