Are human tendencies toward religious and spiritual thoughts, feelings, and actions outcomes of natural cognition? This volume revisits the naturalness theory of religious cognition through discussion of new qualitative and quantitative studies examining the psychological foundations of religious and spiritual expression in historical and contemporary China. Naturalness theory has been challenged on the grounds that little of its supporting developmental and experimental research has drawn on participants from predominantly secular cultural environments. Given Chinas official secularity, its large proportion of atheists, and its alleged long history of dominant, nonreligious philosophies, can any broad claim for religions psychological naturalness be plausible?

Addressing this empirical gap, the studies discussed in this volume support core naturalness theory predictions for human reasoning about supernatural agency, intelligent design, the efficacy of rituals, andvitalistic causality. And yet each study elucidates, expands upon, or even challenges outright the logical assumptions of the naturalness theory. Written for a non-specialist audience, this volume introduces the naturalness theory and frames the significance of these new findings for students and scholars of cultural psychology, the psychology of religion, the anthropology of religion, and Chinese Studies.

Ryan G. Hornbeckis Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Xiamen University. His research interests include the scientific study of religion, digital culture, experimental ethnography, and interdisciplinary collaboration. His articles have appeared inInternational Journal of the Psychology of Religion,Games and Culture,Journal of Cognition and Culture, andEuropean Journal of Philosophy of Religion. He holds a DPhil in anthropology from the University of Oxford.

Justin L. Barrettis the Chief Project Developer for the office for Science, Theology, and Religion initiatives at Fuller Theological Seminary. He also serves as program chair for the doctorate in psychological science. He came to Fuller from the University of Oxford, U.K., where he taught and served as senior researcher for Oxfords Centre for Anthropology and Mind and the Institute for Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology. He has also taught at the University of Michigan and Calvin College. Barretts academic work has concerned cognitive scientific approaches to the study of religion. His current research interests include cognitive, evolutionary, and psychological approaches to the study of religion; cognitive approaches to the study of culture and archaeology generally; and religious and character development in children and adolescents. Barretts book publications include Why Would Anyone Believe in God? (2004, AltaMira), Psychology of Religion (ed., 2010, Routlege), Cognitive Science, Religion, and Theology (2011, Templeton Press), Born Believers: The Science of Childrens Religious Belief (2012, Free Press), and  andThe Roots of Religion: Exploring the Cognitive Science of Religion (with Roger Trigg, Ashgate, 2014).

Madeleine Kang is a writer, editor, and Cornell University alumnus. She was a featured writer for the 2017 CBS Diversity Showcase and was named a semi-finalist for the 2017 Second City Original Sitcom contest.

Part I.- 1: Chinese Religious Exceptionalism, David Palmer.- 2: Chinese Psychological Exceptionalism, Li-Jun Ji, Emily Chan.- 3: China and Dualism: Lessons for the Cognitive Science of Religion, Edward Slingerland.- Part II.- 4: Promiscuous Teleology: From Childhood through Adulthood and from East to West, Deborah Kelemen.- 5: Smart Gods are Easier than Dumb Gods: Revisiting the Preparedness Hypothesis, Tyler Greenway.- 6: Ritual Imbalance in Contemporary China: A Ritual Form Theory Analysis, Brianna Bentley, et al.- 7: Religion is Kids Stuff: Minimally Counterintuitive Concepts are Better Remembered by Young People, Justin Gregory.- 8: The Naturalness of Vitalistic Reasoning, Melanie Nyhof, Psychology.- 9: What Happens After Death? Liqi Zhu.- Part III.- 10: God Concepts in Pre-Qin Dynasty Texts, Ryan Nichols.- 11: Player Reports of Spiritual Experiences in Chinese World of Warcraft, Ryan Hornbeck.- 12: Religion and Wellbeing A World Values Survey Analysis, Michael Bond and Vivan Lun.