The Full Value of Parks is the first comprehensive look at the values associated with parks and other kinds of protected areas. Much has been written about the importance of parks to the tourism industry, yet the reasons why people care deeply about them usually have little or nothing to do with money. Instead, people value parks as sacred sanctuaries and places of spiritual self-discovery, as settings of breathtaking beauty, as venues of scientific inquiry, as destinations for much-needed recreation-even as places where one can go to heal a wounded psyche. The profound attachment that people feel to the world's great natural areas and cultural sites arises from an incredibly diverse, complex, and sometimes conflicting array of values. After a thorough overview of the kinds of values found in parks, the unique challenges of managing parks to accommodate differing viewpoints are surveyed in this path-breaking book. Drawing on insights from a broad group of international experts, and offering examples from Siberia to tropical Africa, from the Andes to the Australian outback, The Full Value of Parks is an engaging and lucid exploration of the entire range of benefits and values of protected areas-from economics to the intangible.

David Harmon is executive director of the George Wright Society. Allen Putney is a consultant on protected areas.

Chapter 1 1. Introduction: Perspectives on the Values of Protected AreasChapter 2 2. The Source and Significance of Values in Protected AreasChapter 3 3. Conserving the Sacred: The Protective Impulse and the Origins of Modern Protected AreasChapter 4 4. Managing the IntangibleChapter 5 5. Recreational Values of Protected AreasJChapter 6 6. The Social Value of the Nyangkpe Sacred Forests of South West Province of CameroonChapter 7 7. The Cultural Values of Protected AreasChapter 8 8. Life and the Nature of Life-in ParksChapter 9 9. Aesthetic Values and Protected Areas: A Story of Symbol PreservationChapter 10 10. National Parks as Scientific Benchmark Standards for the Biosphere; Or, How are You Going to Tell How it Used to Be, When There's Nothing Left to See?Chapter 11 11. Therapeutic Values of Parks and Protected AreasChapter 12 12. Ishmael's Inclinations: Non-Use Values of Marine Protected AreasChapter 13 13. National Parks versus Protected Landscapes? Legitimacy, Values, and the Management of the Colombian Tropical WildlandsChapter 14 14. Biosphere Reserves: Tangible and Intangible ValuesChapter 15 15. World Heritage Sites: Towards Linking the Tangible and the IntangibleChapter 16 16. Community-Conserved Biodiverse Areas: Lessons from South AsiaChapter 17 17. Strictly Protected Areas: The Russian System of ZapovedniksChapter 18 18. Protected Landscapes in the Andean Context: Worshipping the Sacred in Nature and CultureChapter 19 19. Parks as Battlegrounds: Managing Conflicting ValuesChapter 20 20. Wilderness as Contested GroundChapter 21 21. Battling Religions in Parks and Forest Reserves: Facing Religion in Conflicts over Protected PlacesChapter 22 22. Wirikuta: The Wixarika/Huichol Sacred Natural Site in the Chihuahuan Desert, San Luis Potosi, MexicoChapter 23 23. Intangible Values and Protected Areas: Towards a More Holistic Approach to Management