Cultivating the Spirit

THIS GROUNDBREAKING WORK IS BASED on a five-year study of how students change during the college years and the role college plays in facilitating the development of their spiritual qualities. Students, the authors argue, grapple with the big questions in life:Who am I? What are my values? Do I have a mission in life? Why am I in college? What kind of person do I want to be? What sort of world do I want to help to create? Their answers to these questions help determine their academic and career choices and are tied to the development of personal qualities such as empathy, caring, and social responsibility.

The study finds that, while students' religious engagement declines during college, at the same time they become substantially more caring, tolerant, connected with others, and actively egaged in a spiritual quest. Spiritual growth also enhances academic performance, leadership development, and satisfaction with college. The study provides strong evidence pointing to specific experiences during college that can contribute to students' spiritual growth.

The need for spiritual development in college is apparent. Two-thirds of the students in the study express a strong interest in spiritual matters, well over half report that their professorsnever encourage discussions of religious or spiritual matters, and about the same proportion report that professors never provide opportunities to discuss the purpose and meaning of life.Cultivating the Spirit aims to raise the awareness of academic administrators, faculty, and the public at large to the vital role that spirituality plays in student learning and development. Throughout the book, the authors identify strategies for enhancing students' development and encourage the academy to give greater priority to the spiritual aspects of students' educational and personal development.

THE AUTHORS

Alexander W. Astin is the Allan M. Cartter Professor of Higher Education, emeritus, at the University of California at Los Angeles. A recent study in theJournal of Higher Education identified him as the most-frequently-cited author in the higher education field.

Helen S. Astin is Distinguished Professor emerita of Higher Education and senior scholar in the Higher Education Research Institute at the University of California at Los Angeles.

Jennifer A. Lindholm is special assistant to the vice provost for under-graduate education at the University of California at Los Angeles and director of the Spirituality in Higher Education project.

About the Authors vii

Acknowledgments ix

1 Why Spirituality Matters 1

2 Assessing Spiritual and Religious Qualities 12

3 Spiritual Quest: The Search for Meaning and Purpose 27

4 Equanimity 49

5 Spirituality in Practice: Caring For and About Others 63

6 The Religious Life of College Students 83

7 Religious Struggle and Skepticism 101

8 How Spiritual Growth Affects Educational and Personal Development 115

9 Higher Education and the Life of the Spirit 137

Appendix: Study Methodology 159

Notes 199

References 205

Index 215