Gain the skills to effectively plan software applications and systems using the latest version of UML UML 2 represents a significant update to the UML specification, from providing more robust mechanisms for modeling workflow and actions to making the modeling language more executable. Now in its second edition, this bestselling book provides you with all the tools you'll need for effective modeling with UML 2. The authors get you up to speed by presenting an overview of UML and its main features. You'll then learn how to apply UML to produce effective diagrams as you progress through more advanced topics such as use-case diagrams, classes and their relationships, dynamic diagrams, system architecture, and extending UML. The authors take you through the process of modeling with UML so that you can successfully deliver a software product or information management system. With the help of numerous examples and an extensive case study, this book teaches you how to: * Organize, describe, assess, test, and realize use cases * Gain substantial information about a system by using classes * Utilize activity diagrams, state machines, and interaction diagrams to handle common issues * Extend UML features for specific environment or domains * Use UML as part of a Model Driven Architecture initiative * Apply an effective process for using UML The CD-ROM contains all of the UML models and Java?TM code for a complete application, Java?TM 2 Platform, Standard Edition, Version 1.4.1, and links to the Web sites for vendors of UML 2 tools.
OMG Press Books in Print xiv
About the OMG xvii
2003 OMG Press Advisory Board xix
Preface for the Second Edition xxi
About the Authors xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Chapter 1 What Is UML? 1
The Purpose of Modeling 2
Software Development, Methods, and Models 4
The Method Wars 6
Acceptance of UML 8
The Object Management Group 9
Unified Modeling Language Elements 9
Methods and Modeling Languages 10
Object-Oriented Software Development 11
Concepts of Object Orientation 12
Business Engineering 13
Disciplines of System Development 13
Requirements 14
Analysis 14
Design 14
Implementation 15
Test 15
Relevant Changes in UML 2 15
Summary 17
Chapter 2 An Overview of UML 19
Views 21
Use-Case View 22
Logical View 23
Implementation View 23
Process View 23
Deployment View 24
Diagrams 24
Use-Case Diagram 24
Class Diagram 25
Object Diagram 25
State Machines 26
Activity Diagram 28
Interaction Diagrams 29
Sequence Diagram 29
Communication Diagram 30
Interaction Overview Diagram 31
Component Diagram 32
Deployment Diagram 32
Composite Structure Diagram 33
Model Elements 34
General Mechanisms 36
Adornments 36
Comments 37
Specifications 37
Extending UML 38
Stereotypes 39
Tagged Values 40
Constraints 40
Model Driven Architecture with UML 41
Software Development Process and UML 43
Tools 45
Drawing Support 47
Model Repository 47
Navigation 48
Multiuser Support 49
Code Generation 49
Reverse Engineering 50
Integration 50
Interchange of Models 51
Tool Options 52
Relevant Changes in UML 2 53
Summary 55
Chapter 3 Use-Case Modeling 57
Basics of Use Cases 58
Use-Case Diagram 60
System 61
Actors 62
Finding Actors 63
Actors in UML 64
Relationships between Actors 65
Use Cases 66
Finding Use Cases 67
Use Cases in UML 67
Relationships between Use Cases 68
Generalization Relationship 68
Extend Relationship 69
Include Relationship 70
Organizing Use Cases 71
Describing Use Cases 74
Assessing Use Cases 76
Testing Use Cases 77
Use Cases and Requirements Management 78
Realizing Use Cases 79
Relevant Changes in UML 2 83
Summary 84
Chapter 4 Classes, Objects, and Their Relationships 87
Classes and Objects 87
Class Diagram 90
Finding Classes 90
Name Compartment 91
Attributes Compartment 92
Java Implementation 95
Operations Compartment 95
Using Primitive Types 99
Relationships 99
Associations 100
Normal Association 100
Object Diagram 103
Recursive Association 103
Java Implementation 104
Roles in an Association 106
Qualified Association 106
Xor Constraint 108
Ordered Association 109
Association Class 109
Ternary Association 110
Aggregation 111
Aggregate 112
Shared Aggregation 112
Composition Aggregation 113
Generalization 115
Basic Generalization 116
Advanced Generalization 123
Generalization Set 123
Powertype 125
Dependencies and Abstractions 126
Constraints, Expressions, and Derivations 128
Interfaces and Ports 131
Java Implementation 133
Ports 134
Packages 135
Templates 140
Relevant Changes in UML 2 141
Summary 142
Chapter 5 Dynamic Modeling 145
State Machines 147
States and Transitions 147
Event-Signature 151
Guard-Condition 152
Action-Expression 153
Send-Clause 154
Events 155
Java Implementation 157
Sending Messages Between State Machines 159
Substates 160
Entry, Exit, and Terminate Indicators 161
History Indicator 162
Activity Diagrams 163
Actions and Edges 163
Activity Partitions 166
Objects 168
Signals 169
Pins 170
Business Modeling with Activity Diagrams 171
Interaction Diagrams 173
Sequence Diagrams 174
Generic and Instance Form 174
Concurrent Objects 176
Combined Fragments 176
Interaction Occurrences 179
Creating and Destroying Objects 179
Recursion 180
Interaction Overviews 180
Communication Diagrams 182
Message Labels 183
Using Communication Diagrams 185
Relevant Changes in UML 2 188
Summary 188
Chapter 6 Advanced Dynamic Modeling Illustrated by Real-Time Systems 191
What Is a Real-Time System? 191
Attributes of a Real-Time System 192
Types of Real-Time Systems 192
Concepts in UML for Real-Time Systems 193
Active Classes and Active Objects 193
Active Class Implementation 194
Active Object Interactions 194
Communication 195
Events and Triggers 197
Signals 198
Messages 199
Synchronization and Concurrency 200
Synchronization Issues 201
Synchronization Mechanisms 202
Fault Tolerance 203
Implementation in Java 204
UML Time Elements 205
Real-Time Modeling in UML Diagrams 206
Activity Diagrams 207
The Token Flow Model in Activity Diagrams 207
Chocolate Factory: Streaming Input and Output Example 208
Processing Applications: Expansion Regions and Structured Activities 210
Investment Simulation: Interruptible Regions and Storage 213
House Alarm: Static Structure for Dynamic Messages 216
Static Diagrams 216
Detailed Activity Diagram Showing Message Handling 221
Interaction Diagrams 223
Communication Diagrams 223
Basic Sequence Diagram 224
Advanced Sequence Diagrams with Combined Fragments 227
Timing Diagrams 230
Behavioral State Machines 231
Handling Active Classes and Objects 231
State Machine Regions and Concurrency 232
Handling Triggers on Events in Composite States 234
Transitions and Synchronization 235
Complex State Machines and Run-to-Completion Semantics 236
State Machine Redefinition and Reuse 238
Protocol State Machines 239
Advanced Modeling, Design, and Optimization 241
Design Overview 242
Modeling Processes and Threads with Objects 242
Designing Active Classes 243
Design and the Implementation Environment 244
Approaches to Showing Behavioral Diagrams 244
Performance Optimization 246
Design Optimization 247
Optimization and the Operating System 247
Relevant Changes in UML 2 248
Summary 249
Chapter 7 Representing Architecture 251
Logical Architecture 254
Logical Architecture Structure 254
Components 255
Collaborations 257
Composite Structure Diagrams 258
Patterns in Architecture 258
The Proxy Pattern 261
Modeling Patterns in UML 263
Showing Patterns in Diagrams 266
Patterns and Use Cases 269
Physical Architecture 270
Hardware 270
Software 271
Component Diagram 272
Deployment Diagram 273
Nodes 274
Communication Paths 275
Deployed Artifacts 275
Allocating Artifacts to Nodes 276
Relevant Changes in UML 2 277
Summary 278
Chapter 8 Extending UML 281
Standard Extensions Overview 282
Tagged Values and Properties 283
Standard Tag Value Examples 284
Tag Value from a Profile 285
Defining Your Own Tagged Values 286
Stereotypes 287
Creating a Stereotype 287
Examples of UML Stereotypes 289
Metainformation 289
Dependency Stereotypes 289
Customization with Components 290
Stereotypes Applied to Deployment Artifacts 291
Utility 292
Use Case Stereotypes 293
Signal 293
Control, Boundary, and Entity 295
Stereotypes for Creation and Destruction 298
Retired Standard Stereotypes 299
Defining Your Own Stereotypes 299
Constraints 301
Examples of UML Constraints 302
Constraints for Associations 302
Constraints for Association Roles and Properties 303
Defining Your Own Constraints 304
A Language for Expressing Constraints 306
OCLMetamodel 306
Basic Structure of OCL Expressions 308
Invariants, Preconditions, and Postconditions 308
Language Architecture and Kernel Overview 310
High-Level Language Constructs 310
Reviewing the UML Kernel 312
The Profile Package 318
Architecture Overview Summary and Observations 321
Relevant Changes in UML 2 321
Summary 322
Chapter 9 Model Driven Architecture 325
MDAEvolution and Goals 326
Background and General Goals 326
Model Levels 329
Model Compilers 332
Mapping the Many Elements of MDA 333
From the Business Model to PIM and PSM 335
The High-Level Review 335
Defining Functionality with No Platform 339
Platform-Specific Models 340
Information Management Solution 342
Tips for Modeling in the MDAWorld 343
Modeling for Business and Functional Analysis 343
Modeling for the Software Architect 344
Modeling for the Developer 345
High-Level Assessment of MDA Opportunities 347
Opportunities 347
A Necessary Evolutionary Step for Increased Coordination 347
Cost-Aware MDA 348
Warnings 350
Too Much Modeling Overhead and Complexity 350
Lack of Universality in Tool Implementation 351
Untested Behavioral Modeling 351
Misuse of MDA 351
Summary 352
Chapter 10 A Process for Using UML 353
Defining and Understanding Software-Engineering Processes 354
Process Context 355
Process User 356
Process Steps 356
Problem Formulation 357
Solution Design 358
Implementation Design 358
Process Evaluation 358
The Basis for a UML Process 359
Use-Case-Driven Systems 360
Architecture-Centric Approach 360
Iterative Approach 361
Incremental Approach 363
A Traditional Object-Oriented Method 365
Requirements 366
Analysis 367
Design 368
Implementation 370
Test 371
The Unified Process 373
The Life Cycle 374
Inception 375
Elaboration 376
Construction 376
Transition 376
Comparing the Unified Process to a Traditional Process 377
Process Tools 378
Model Quality 380
What Is a Good Model? 381
Can You Communicate the Model? 381
Does the Model Fit Its Purpose? 382
Does the Model Capture the Essentials? 382
Naming Conventions 382
Model Coordination 383
Model Complexity 383
Summary 383
Chapter 11 Case Study 387
Requirements 389
Developing a Vision 390
Modeling Use Cases 391
Establishing the Domain Model 394
Analysis 396
Performing Use-Case Analysis 397
Not UML? How Can That Be? 401
Design 403
Designing the Architecture 404
System Structure 404
Architectural Mechanisms 406
Design Patterns 407
Design Policies 409
Performing Detailed Design 410
business Package 411
presentation Package 411
Use-Case Design 412
Designing the User Interface 415
Implementation 415
Test and Deployment 418
Summary 420
Exercises 420
Requirements and Analysis Exercises 420
Design and Construction Exercises 421
Appendix A Visual Glossary 423
Appendix B Glossary 461
Appendix C References 475
Appendix D Whats on the CD-ROM? 479
Index 485
End-User License Agreement 513
GNU General Public License 515
