This is a book about how humans learn. Our focus is on classroom learning although the principles are, as the name of this book indicates, universal. We are concerned with learning from pre-school to post-graduate. We are concerned with most bu- ness, industrial and military training. We do not address how infants learn how to speak or walk, or how grown-ups improve their tennis swing. We do address all learning described by the word thought, as well as anything we might try to teach, or instruct in formal educational settings. In education, the words theory and model imply conjecture. In science, these same words imply something that is a testable explanation of phenomena able to predict outcomes of experiments. This book presents a model of learning that the authors offer in the sense of scientists rather than educators. Conjecture implies that information is incomplete, and so it surely is with human learning. On the other hand, we assert that more than enough is known to sustaina scienti?c model of learning. This book is not a review of the literature. Instead, it is a synthesis. Scholars and many teachers likely have heard much if not most or even all of the information we use to develop the uni?ed learning model. What you have not read before is a model putting the information together in just this way; this is the ?rst one.

Developing the Unified Learning Model.- The Unified Learning Model.- Learning.- Working Memory.- Knowledge.- Motivation.- How the ULM Fits In.- Applying the Unified Learning Model.- Classroom Applications Overview.- Supporting Motivation.- Efficient Instruction.- Feedback and Assessment.- A Focus on Thinking.- Encouraging Self-regulation.- Managing the Classroom Environment.- Improving as a Teacher.- Policy.- Frontiers.- Epilogue.