Emotional Bridges to Puerto Rico examines the experiences of incorporation among two groups of middle-class Puerto Ricans: one that currently lives in the U.S. mainland and one that has resettled in Puerto Rico. The analysis focuses on their subjective interpretations of incorporation and the conditions under which they decide to move back and forth between the mainland and island. Findings reveal that migration to the mainland results in educational, occupational and economic gains in the U.S., which also help return migrants re-enter Island labor markets. U.S. settlement brings its own set of struggles. Puerto Ricans see themselves as members of transnational families, yet the struggles of leading dual lives result in settlement decisions that reflect desires to live locally with roots in one place instead of feeling split between the two. Experiences with U.S. racism complicate these decisions, given Puerto Ricans' struggles with racial identity and exclusion in spite of their economic, occupational, and residential integration into mainland society. This study illustrates the conditions under which various patterns of attachments to place-or emotional anchoring-develop, and how these feelings impact future Puerto Rican settlement.

Elizabeth M. Aranda is assistant professor of sociology at the University of Miami. She has published articles in Gender& Society and the American Behavioral Scientist. Her current research is on immigrants to South Florida, their patterns of incorporation, and the nature of race relations in multi-ethnic, global cities.

Chapter 1 Where is Home? Living Transnational LivesChapter 2 Class Origins, Modes of Incorporation, and Pathways into the Transnational Middle ClassChapter 3 The Transnationalization of Puerto Rican Families and the Empty Spaces of MigrationChapter 4 Ethnoracial Marginalization and Cultural AlienationChapter 5 Dual Frames of Reference, Emotional Embeddedness and Patterns of Settlement Within Transnational Social FieldsChapter 6 Conclusion: Weighing Hearts and Minds