The Department for Disarmament Affairs, renamed United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs in 2007 (UNODA) Occasional Papers is a series of ad hoc publications presenting, in edited form, papers or statements made at meetings, symposiums, seminars, workshops or lectures that deal with topical issues in the field of arms limitation, disarmament and international security. They are intended primarily for those concerned with these matters in Government, civil society and in the academic community. There is a growing concern in the international community about the continued reliance by the most powerful military States on nuclear weapons of inconceivable mass destructive capacity. This publication presents the opinions of four distinguished experts as they try to shed some light on the real effectiveness of nuclear deterrence. They discuss the nuclear doctrines of India, the non-aligned, Russia and NATO.