InhaltsangabeEditorial: The new frontier of biology; M. Barbieri.- Part 1: Codes and Evolution. 1. Codes of biosequences; E.N. Trifonov.- 2. The mechanisms of evolution: natural selection and natural conventions; M. Barbieri.- Part 2: The Genetic Code. 3. Catalytic propensity of amino acids and the origins of the genetic code and proteins; Á. Kun et al.- 4. Why the genetic code originated: implications for the origin of protein synthesis; M. Di Giulio.- 5. Self-referential formation of the genetic system; R.C. Guimarães et al.- 6. The mathematical structure of the genetic code; D. Gonzalez.- 7. The arithmetical origin of the genetic code; V. shCherbak.- Part 3: Protein, Lipid and Sugar Codes. 8. Protein linguistics and the modular code of the cytoskeleton; M. Gimona.- 9. A lipid-based code in nuclear signalling; N.M. Maraldi.- 10. Biological information transfer beyond the genetic code: the sugar code; H.-J. Gabius.- 11. The immune self code: from correspondence to complexity; Y. Neuman.-12. Signal transduction codes and cell fate; M. Faria.- Part 4: Neural, Mental, and Cultural Codes. 13. Towards an understanding of language origins; E. Szathmáry.- 14. The codes of language: turtles all the way up?; S.J. Cowley.- 15. Code and context in gene expression, cognition, and consciousness; S. Ó Nualláin.- 16. Neural coding in the neuroheuristic perspective; A.E.P. Villa.- 17. Error detection and correction codes; D.L. Gonzalez.- 18. The musical codebetween nature and nurture: ecosemiotic and neurobiological claims; M. Reybrouck.-