Inhaltsangabe1 Introduction.- Historic Aspects.- Market Expectations and the Industry.- The Government and its Research Institutes.- The Universities.- Forms of Cooperation.- Regional Developments.- Summary and Outlook.- References.- 2 The Industry.- The Fermentation Industry.- The Pharmaceutical Industry.- The Chemical Industry.- The Food Industry.- The Agriculture and Fishery Industry.- The Textile Industry.- The Pulp and Paper Industry.- The "Heavy Industries".- The Energy Industry.- The Iron and Steel Industry.- The Shipbuilding Industry.- The Construction Industry.- The Electric Machinery Manufacturing Industry.- The Trading Houses.- Biotechnology in Japanese Companies, a General Assessment.- Biotechnology Profiles of 419 Companies.- References.- 3 The Ministries.- The Cabinet and the Prime Minister's Advisory Boards.- Council for Science and Technology.- Science and Technology Agency (STA).- Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI).- Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).- Japan Industrial Technology Association (JITA).- Patent Office.- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF).- Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat.- Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW).- Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture (Monbusho).- Science Council.- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).- Japan Academy.- Other Ministries and Agencies involved in Biotechnology.- Ministry of Finance.- Environmental Agency.- Ministry of Construction.- References.- 4 The Research Institutes.- Research Institutes of the STA.- Research Institutes of the MITI.- Research Institutes of the MAFF.- Research Institutes of the MHW.- Research Institutes of the Ministry of Finance.- Research Institutes of the Environmental Agency.- Research Institutes of the Ministry of Construction.- Research Institutes of the Japan Key Tec Center.- Research Facility Development Program of the New Energy.- and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).- Prefectural and Municipal Research Institutes.- Private Research Institutes.- References.- 5 The Universities.- Education.- Research.- Budget.- Competitive Research Grant Program.- Research Cooperation between Universities and Industry.- Biotechnology-related Research in National, Public, and Private.- Universities, Attached Research Centers, and National Research.- Centers under the Supervision of Monbusho.- Hokkaido/Tohoku.- Kanto.- Tokyo.- Chubu.- Kinki/Kyoto/Osaka.- Chugoku/Shikoku.- Kyushu/Okinawa.- References.- 6 Academic Organizations.- 14 Academic Societies with major Activities in Biotechnology.- 13 Academic Societies relevant to the Development of Biotechnology.- 21 Other relevant Academic Societies.- References.- 7 Biotechnology-Related Research Policy and Programs.- The Industry and its Policy.- Japan Federation of Economic Organizations (Keidanren).- Association for the Promotion of New Chemistry (ASPRONC).- Prime Minister's Office -Council of Science and Technology.- Science and Technology Agency (STA).- Policy.- Research Development Corporation of Japan.- ERATO Projects.- Frontier Research Programs.- Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP).- Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI).- Policy.- Research Associations and Large-Scale Projects.- Japan Bioindustry Association (JBA).- New Energy and Industrial Technology Development.- Organization (NEDO).- Aqua Renaissance '90 Project.- Marine Biotechnology Institute (MBI).- Research Association for Biotechnology.- R&D Program on Medical and Welfare Equipment Technology.- Research Association for Petroleum Alternatives.- Development (RAPAD).- Global Environment Protection Project.- Projects of the Japan Key Tec Center.- Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW).- Policy.- Japan Health Sciences Foundation.- Adverse Drug Sufferings Relief and Research Promotion Fund.- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF).- Policy.- Bio-Oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN).- R&D