This 6th edition is thoroughly revised and updated, and now additionally includes all commercially important flavor and fragrance materials that entered the market over the past 10 years. In one handy and up-to-date source, this classic reference surveys those natural and synthetic materials that are commercially available, produced, and used on a relatively large scale, covering their properties, manufacturing methods employed, and areas of application. For this new edition the chapter on essential oils has been completely revised with regard to production volumes, availability, and new product specifications, while new legal issues, such as REACH regulation aspects, are now included. Finally, the CAS registry numbers and physicochemical data of over 350 single substances and 100 essential oils have been updated and revised.

Dr. Surburg was senior vice president global innovations of the Scent& Care department at Symrise AG and retired recently. He studied chemistry at Kiel University and joined Haarmann& Reimer (now Symrise) in Holzminden, Germany, in 1980. Horst Surburg originally researched natural chemical materials, before specializing in the synthesis of aromatic and cosmetic substances as well as developing methods for their production. He has been a co-author of Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials since 1990. Dr. Panten has been head of the New Molecules Fragrances department at Symrise since 2002. He studied chemistry at Kiel University, before joining the R&D department at DRAGOCO (now Symrise) in Holzminden, Germany, in 1991. His main research areas are the synthesis of aromatic substances as well as developing methods for their manufacture.

1 Introduction 1

1.1 History 1

1.2 Definition 2

1.3 Physiological Importance 2

1.4 Natural, Nature-Identical, and Artificial Products 3

1.5 Sensory Properties and Chemical Structure 3

1.6 Volatility 4

1.7 Threshold Concentration 4

1.8 Sensory Properties 4

2 Individual Fragrance and Flavor Materials 7

2.1 Aliphatic Compounds 8

2.2 Acyclic Terpenes 29

2.3 Cyclic Terpenes 52

2.4 Other Cycloaliphatic Compounds 85

2.5 Aromatic Compounds 113

2.6 Phenols and Phenol Derivatives 143

2.7 O-, O,S-andS,S-Heterocycles 161

2.7.2.5 -Methyl--octalactone [39212-23-2], Whiskey Lactone 179

2.8 N-andN,S-Heterocycles 188

3 Natural Raw Materials in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry 193

3.1 Introduction 193

3.2 Isolation of Natural Fragrance and Flavor Concentrates 194

3.3 Survey of Natural Raw Materials 197

4 Analytical Methods/Quality Control 265

5 Safety Evaluation and Regulatory Aspects 267

5.1 Flavoring Substances 267

5.2 Fragrance Ingredients 268

References 271

Formula Index 317

Subject Index 341