With its comprehensive coverage of recent progress in metallic biomaterials, this reference focuses on emerging materials and new biofunctions for promising applications. The text is systematically structured, with the information organized according to different material systems, and concentrates on various advanced materials, such as anti-bacterial functionalized stainless steel, biodegradable metals with bioactivity, and novel structured metallic biomaterials. Authors from well-known academic institutes and with many years of clinical experience discuss all important aspects, including design strategies, fabrication and modification techniques, and biocompatibility.

Yufeng Zheng is Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Peking University, China. He started his research career at Harbin Institute of Technology in China after obtained his PhD in materials science there. In 2004, he moved to Peking University and founded the Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Devices at the College of Engineering. He was a winner of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars in 2012. He has published over 360 scientific publications including eight books and seven book chapters. Xiaoxue Xu is Macquarie University Research Fellow in the Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences at Macquarie University, Australia. After she received her PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Western Australia, she worked there as Research Assistant Professor in the School of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering. She joined Macquarie University in 2014 and her research is focused on nanostructured biomaterials. Zhigang Xu is Senior Research Scientist in Department of Mechanical Engineering at North Carolina A&T State University, USA. He is also affiliated to NSF Engineering Research Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, USA. He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from North Carolina A&T State University and then continued his research there as a faculty. He leads a Mg-alloy processing research group and Mg-based alloy design and processing project. Jun-Qiang Wang is Professor in Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology& Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He got his PhD in Condensed Matter Physics from Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 2010 to 2014 he worked as Research Associate in Tohoku University, Japan and University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. He joined the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology& Engineering in 2014 and was awarded the support of One Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Science. His research focused on fabrication and applications of metallic glasses. Hong Cai is Associate Professor in Department of Orthopedics at Peking University Third Hospital, China. He worked over 10 years as Attending in orthopedics. During that time he also worked sometime as Clinical Fellow at Seoul University, Korea, University of Western Ontario, Canada and Rush University Medical Center, USA. His research interest is design and development of new implants and 3D printing in orthopedics.

Preface xi

About the Authors xiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Traditional Metallic Biomaterials 1

1.2 Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials and Their New Biofunctions 3

1.3 Technical Consideration on Alloying Design of Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials 10

1.4 Novel Process Technologies for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials 16

2 Introduction of the Biofunctions into Traditional Metallic Biomaterials 31

2.1 Antibacterial Metallic Biomaterials 31

2.2 MRI Compatibility of Metallic Biomaterials 40

2.3 Radiopacity of Metallic Biomaterials 47

3 Development of Mg-Based Degradable Metallic Biomaterials 59

3.1 Background 59

3.2 Mg-Based Alloy Design and Selection Considerations 60

3.3 State of the Art of the Mg-Based Alloy Material Research 83

3.4 State of the Art of Medical Mg-Based Alloy Device Research 92

3.5 Challenges and Opportunities for Mg-Based Biomedical Materials and Devices 97

4 Development of Fe-Based Degradable Metallic Biomaterials 113

4.1 Background 113

4.2 Pure Iron 114

4.3 Iron Alloys 127

4.4 Iron-Based Composites 139

4.5 Surface Modification of Iron-Based Materials 144

4.6 New Fabrication Technologies for Iron-Based Materials 150

4.7 Outlook 154

5 Development of Zn-Based Degradable Metallic Biomaterials 161

5.1 Backgrounds 161

5.2 Body Zn Distribution and Mobilization 162

5.3 The Physiological Function of Zn 162

5.4 State of the Art of the Zn-Based Alloy Material Research 164

5.5 Challenges and Opportunities for Zn-Based Biomedical Materials and Devices 182

6 Development of Bulk Metallic Glasses for Biomedical Application 189

6.1 Background 189

6.2 Nonbiodegradable Bulk Metallic Glasses 196

6.3 Biodegradable Bulk Metallic Glasses 202

6.4 Perspectives on Future R&D of Bulk Metallic Glass for Biomedical Application 209

7 Development of Bulk Nanostructured Metallic Biomaterials 223

7.1 Background 223

7.2 Representative Bulk Nanostructured Metallic Biomaterials 230

7.3 Future Prospect on Bulk Nanostructured Metallic Biomaterials 245

8 Titanium Implants Based on Additive Manufacture 255

8.1 Introduction 255

8.2 AM Technologies Applicable for Ti-Based Alloys 256

8.3 Microstructure and Performance Evaluation of Ti-Based Alloys Fabricated by AM Technology 265

8.4 Prospects 278

9 Future Research on Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials 293

9.1 Tissue Engineering Scaffolds with Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials 293

9.2 Building Up of Multifunctions for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials 296

9.3 Intelligentization for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials 300

Index 307