Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games (ECGG) is a unique reference resource tailored to meet the needs of research and applications for industry professionals and academic communities worldwide. The ECGG covers the history, technologies, and trends of computer graphics and games.Editor-in-Chief Newton Lee, Institute for Education, Research, and Scholarships, Los Angeles, CA, USA Academic CoChair Jaci Lee Lederman, Vincennes University, Vincennes, IN, USA Patrick C. K. Hung, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Business and IT, Oshawa, ON, Canada Shlomo Dubnov, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Vinesh Thiruchelvam, Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Industry CoChair Shuichi Kurabayashi, Cygames, Inc. & Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan Xiaomao Wu, Gritworld GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany Editorial Board Alvin Chan, Cambridge Corporate University, Lucerne, Switzerland Anirban Chowdhury, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Department of User Experience and Interaction Design, School of Design (SoD), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Abdennour El Rhalibi, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK Andrea Sanna, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Turin, Italy Anthony Lewis Brooks, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Barbaros Bostan, Bahçeehir University (BAU), BUG Game Lab, Istanbul, Turkey Chris Joslin, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Dario Maggiorini, University of Milan, Department of Computer Science, Milano, Italy Duncan A. H. Williams, University of York, Digital Creativity Labs, Department of Computer Science, York, UK Florian Richoux, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France Guven Catak, Bahçeehir University (BAU), BUG Game Lab, Istanbul, Turkey George Papagiannakis, University of Crete, Computer Science Department, Heraklion, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece Han Hu, Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing, China Hoshang Kolivand, Liverpool John Moores University, Department Computer Science, Liverpool, UK Jaci Lee Lederman, Vincennes University, Vincennes, IN, USA Leigh Achterbosch, Federation University Australia, School of Science, Engineering, IT and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen, Ballarat, VIC, Australia Ruck Thawonmas, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan Rojin Vishkaie, Ball State University, College of Communication, Information, and Media, Muncie, IN, USA Ramazan S. Aygun, Kennesaw State University, Department of Computer Science, Marietta, GA, USA Saverio Debernardis, Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Bari, Italy Stefano Ferretti, University of Bologna, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bologna, Italy Susan Johnston, Select Services Films Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA Sicilia Ferreira Judice, University of Calgary, Dept. of Computer Science, Calgary, Canada Sercan engün, Illinois State University, Wonsook Kim College of Fine Arts, Normal, IL, USA SaiKeung Wong, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Tim McGraw, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Yann Savoye, Liverpool John Moores University, Department of Computer Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Editor-in-Chief Prof. Newton Lee is the founding president of the 501(c)(3) nonprofit Institute for Education, Research, and Scholarships based in Los Angeles, California, a former Disney and Bell Labs engineer, and a 2021 graduate of the FBI Citizens Academy. Serving as an FBI Ambassador, Lee expounds on social media, campus safety, student mental health, cybersecurity, and counterterrorism as portrayed in the highly acclaimed Total Information Awareness book series published by Springer Nature. The Total Information Awareness trilogy has garnered rave reviews from Newsweek and The Daily Beast, ACM Computing Reviews, AdWeek, and Choice Magazine, among others. Veteran Staff Sergeant Andrew Price of the United States Air Force (USAF) remarked, I am inspired by the prospect of world peace. Id fully recommend following the authors steps, reaching beyond our borders, making friends outside our norm, and helping to foster world peace and a better tomorrow. Lee has codeveloped over 100 online games at The Walt Disney Company, and 12 bestselling & awardwinning interactive titles including The Lion King Animated Storybook & Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree that were featured in the Billboard Magazine. He has also executive produced original songs that have played on American Idol and charted on U.S. Billboard, U.K. Music Week, and U.S. iTunes HOT 100 (Electronic). He earned a B.S. and M.S. in Computer Science from Virginia Tech as well as an A.S. in Electrical Engineering and an honorary doctorate in Computer Science from Vincennes University. He has been honored with a Michigan Leading Edge Technologies Award, two community development awards from the California Junior Chamber of Commerce, and four volunteer project leadership awards from The Walt Disney Company.Section Editors: Anthony Lewis Brooks, Andrea Sanna, Anirban Chowdhury, Barbaros Bostan, Chris Joslin, Dario Maggiorini, Duncan Williams, Florian Richoux, Guven Catak, Leigh Achterbosch, Papagiannakis George, Patrick C. K. Hung, Ramazan S. Aygun, Ruck Thawonmas, Rojin Vishkaie, Saverio Debernardis, Stefano Ferretti, Sai-Keung Wong, Susan Johnston, Sicilia Ferreira Judice, Tim McGraw, Xiaomao Wu, Yann Savoye.