In the second half of the nineteenth century a new kind of social and cultural actor came to the fore: the expert. During this period complex processes of modernization, industrialization, urbanization, and nation-building gained pace, particularly in Western Europe and North America. These processes created new forms of specialized expertise that grew in demand and became indispensible in fields like sanitation, incarceration, urban planning, and education. Often the expertise needed stemmed from problems at a local or regional level, but many transcended nation-state borders. Experts helped shape a new transnational sphere by creating communities that crossed borders and languages, sharing knowledge and resources through those new communities, and by participating in special events such as congresses and world fairs.

Bernhard Struckis Reader in Modern History and Director of the Centre for Transnational History at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. He is the author ofNicht West nicht Ost. Frankreich und Polen in der Wahrnehmung deutscher Reisender, 17501850 (2006) and, with Claire Gantet, ofRevolution, Krieg und Verflechtung. Deutsch-Französische Geschichte 1789-1815 (2008).

List of Illustrations List of Tables Acknowledgements List of Contributors

IntroductionDavide Rodogno, Bernhard Struck and Jakob Vogel

PART I: EXPERTS

Chapter 1.Professionalism or Proselytism? Catholic Internationalists in the Nineteenth CenturyVincent Viaene

Chapter 2.Sanitizing the City: Transnational Work and Networks of French Sanitary Engineers, 1890s-1930sStéphane Frioux

Chapter 3.Policy Communities and Exchanges across Borders: The Case of Workplace Accidents at the Turn of the Twentieth CenturyJulia Moses

Chapter 4.The Rise of Coordinated Action for Children in War and Peace: Experts at the League of Nations, 1924-1945Dominique Marshall

PART II: NETWORKS

Chapter 5.Building a Transnational Network of Social Reform in the Nineteenth CenturyChris Leonards and Nico Randeraad

Chapter 6.The Politics of Expertise:The Association Internationale pour le Progrès des Sciences Sociales, Democratic Peace Movement and International Law Networks in Europe, 1858-1873Christian Müller

Chapter 7.The Road from Damascus: Transnational Jewish Philanthropic Organizations and the Jewish Mass Migration from Eastern Europe, 18401914Tobias Brinkmann

Chapter 8.From Peace Advocacy to International Relations Research: The Transformation of TransatlanticPhilanthropic Networks, 1900-1930Katharina Rietzler

PART III: ISSUES

Chapter 9.Transnational Cooperation and Criminal Policy. The Prison Reform Movement 1820s to 1950sMartina Henze

Chapter 10.International Congresses of Education and the Circulation of Pedagogical Knowledge in Western Europe, 1880-1914Damiano Matasci

Chapter 11.From Transnational Reformist Network to International Organization: The International Associations for Labour Legislation and the International Labour Organization, 1900-1930sSandrine Kott

Chapter 12.Shaping Poland: Relief and Rehabilitation Programmes Undertaken by Foreign Organizations, 1918-1922Davide Rodogno, Francesca Piana and Shaloma Gautier

Select Bibliography Index