Juvenile Delinquency, Eleventh Edition, discusses delinquency as it relates to and emerges from the youth's family, neighborhood, school, peer group, social class, and overall cultural and social environment. Balancing theory with application, the authors explore the different causes of juvenile delinquency, examine its behaviors and consequences in social contexts, explain the role of the police and court system, and propose strategies for treatment and prevention. Interdisciplinary scholarship from sociologists, psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other specialists who have sought to understand, explain, control, and prevent juvenile delinquency is incorporated throughout the text. Learning outcomes offer students a roadmap for major concepts and key ideas while end-of-chapter outcomes assessments stimulate critical thinking and discussion. In each chapter, Global Focus on Delinquency boxes look at delinquency in different societies, cultures, and subcultures and Controversial Issue boxes address critical questions.

New to This Edition:

New Chapter, Female and LGBTQ Delinquency and Feminist Theoriesemphasizes often overlooked female delinquency and juvenile delinquency in the LGBTQ+ communityNew and updated coverage of the media and social media is incorporated throughout the book to highlight one of the most important influences on juvenile delinquency todayNew discussion of transnational gangsand their influence both within and across national borders highlights a global rise in nationalism (Chapter 12)Updated coverage of video gaming and violence, cyberbullying, school shootings, drug usage, drinking, smoking, and vapingis presented and analyzed to keep students up to date on contemporary issues

William E. Thompson is professor of sociology at Texas A&M University-Commerce. Professor Thompson has authored and coauthored more than 40 articles in professional journals, including several reprinted in sociology textbooks and readers.

Figures, Tables, and Boxes

Preface

1A Sociological Approach to Juvenile DelinquencyLearning OutcomesWhat Is Juvenile Delinquency?Who Is a Juvenile? The Creation of AdolescenceThe First Juvenile CourtWhat Is Delinquency?The Legal DefinitionThe Role DefinitionMarginalityThe Societal Response DefinitionThe Role of Mass Media and Social Media in Defining DelinquencyA Synthesized Sociolegal Definition of DelinquencyThe Sociological PerspectiveNorms: Folkways, Mores, Laws, and TaboosFolkwaysMoresLawsTaboosNormative Behavior: ConformityDeviant Behavior: Nonconformity and Range of ToleranceVoluntary Social ControlInformal Social ControlFormal Social ControlNegative Aspects of DeviancePositive Aspects of DevianceJuvenile Delinquency as a Social ProblemSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion2Dimensions of Juvenile DelinquencyLearning OutcomesMass Media and Social Media as Sources of Delinquency (Mis)InformationJuvenile Delinquency DataValidity and ReliabilityValidityReliabilityOfficial Sources of Delinquency InformationFBI Uniform Crime ReportsJuvenile Arrests for Specific Offenses

Sex and Gender Factors in Juvenile DelinquencyRacial and Ethnic Factors in Juvenile DelinquencyPlace of Residence and Arrest StatisticsJuvenile Court StatisticsMethodologyFindingsLimitations of Official Delinquency DataArrest StatisticsThe Dark Figure of Crime and DelinquencyJuvenile Court StatisticsUnofficial Sources of Delinquency InformationSelf-Report StudiesVictimization SurveysThe Magnitude and Trends of Juvenile DelinquencySummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion3Classical, Biological, and Psychogenic Explanations of JuvenileDelinquencyLearning OutcomesThe Link Between Biology and Behavior: Myths and FolkloreThe Classical School of Criminological ThoughtThe Positive School of CriminologyTwentieth-Century Constitutional TypologiesThe Continuing Search for a Biological ConnectionGenetic Crime Causation: The XYY HypothesisDiet and Deviant BehaviorBrain Malfunctions and Neurological DisordersThe Teenage BrainSociobiological ExplanationsThe Psychogenic Approach and the Medical ModelDiscovery of the Unconscious and the Formation of PersonalityFreudian Theory as an Explanation of Crime and DelinquencyThe Medical Model: Delinquent Acts as SymptomsConduct Disorders and Risk/Needs AssessmentOther Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile DelinquencyFlawed Personality: Psychopathology and SociopathologyAdolescent Identity CrisisInsufficient Moral DevelopmentMedia Violence, Video Games, and Aggressive BehaviorPredictors of Youth ViolenceEvaluation of the Biological and Psychogenic ApproachesSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion

4Social Strain and Cultural Transmission TheoriesLearning OutcomesSocial Strain TheoriesDurkheims Concept of AnomieMertons Theory of AnomieCohens Delinquent BoysCloward and Ohlins Delinquency and OpportunityAgnews General Strain TheoryEvaluations of Social Strain TheoriesCultural Transmission TheoriesSellins Theory of Culture ConflictBurgess Concentric Zone TheoryShaw and McKays High Delinquency AreasMillers Focus on Lower-Class CultureCultural Efficacy TheoryEvaluation of Cultural Transmission TheoriesThe Media, Social Strain, and Transmission of Cultural ValuesSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion5Social Learning and Social Control TheoriesLearning OutcomesSocial Learning TheoriesSutherland and Cresseys Theory of Differential AssociationGlasers Concept of Differential IdentificationSocial Learning and the MediaAkers Theory of Differential ReinforcementEvaluation of Social Learning TheoriesSocial Control TheoriesReckless Containment TheorySykes and Matzas Techniques of NeutralizationHirschis Social Bond TheoryReligiosity and Juvenile DelinquencyEvaluation of Social Control TheoriesSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion6Labeling and Radical/Conflict TheoriesLearning OutcomesLabeling TheoriesEarly Contributions to Labeling TheoryTannenbaums Concept of TaggingLemerts Primary and Secondary DevianceBeckers Developmental Career Model

Whats in a Name?Evaluation of Labeling TheoriesRadical/Conflict TheoriesThe Marxian HeritageQuinneys Social Reality of Crime and DelinquencyGreenbergs Focus on Adolescent FrustrationSchwendingers Instrumental TheoryEvaluation of Radical/Conflict TheoriesMedia Role in Labeling Delinquents and Defining DelinquencySummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion7Integrated Theories: Maturation/Life-Course and Rational Choice/DeterrenceLearning OutcomesMaturation and Life-Course TheoriesShort-Run Hedonism: Delinquency Is Fun!Media Portrayals of Delinquency as FunSpontaneous Remission, or Aging OutLife-Course versus Adolescence-Limited OffendersAntisocial Potential: ICAP TheoryEvaluation of Maturation and Life-Course TheoriesRational Choice Theory and Deterrence TheoriesRational Choice TheoryDeterrence Theory: The Punishment ResponseEvaluation of Rational Choice and Deterrence TheoriesBack to the Future: Prospects for Grand Theory BuildingGottfredson and Hirschis General Theory of Crime and DelinquencyControl Balance TheoryOther Integrative Theories of Delinquency and the Search for a Grand TheorySummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion8Female and LGBTQ Delinquency and Feminist TheoriesLearning OutcomesSex, Gender, and DelinquencyFemale DelinquencyStatus Offenses, Runaways, and Juvenile ProstitutionFemale Gangs and Violent CrimesExplaining Female DelinquencyTraditional Sociological Theories and Female DelinquencyFemale Delinquency, Strain, and Cultural TransmissionSocial Learning Theories and Socialization

Social Control, Self-Control, Girls, and Social BondsLabeling, Conflict Theories, and Female DelinquencyFeminist Theories of Crime and DelinquencyLiberation HypothesisOdd Girl Out TheoryIntersectionality and DelinquencyEvaluation of Theories of Female DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquency in the LGBTQ CommunitySummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion9Family and DelinquencyLearning OutcomesThe Changing Role of the FamilyIncreasing Importance of the Nuclear Family and the Creation of AdolescenceThe Family as an Agent of SocializationFamilies and the MediaMothers Working Outside the Home and Juvenile DelinquencyOther Family Variables and Juvenile DelinquencySocial ClassFamily Size and Birth OrderFamily InteractionParental DisciplineSingle-Parent Families and DelinquencyThe Family and Delinquency PreventionSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion10Schools and DelinquencyLearning OutcomesThe School as an ArenaSchools and the Socialization ProcessJuvenile Delinquency and the School ExperienceSchools as a Screening DeviceSchools as Combat ZonesVandalism and DestructionViolence and Personal AttacksSchool ShootingsBullying and CyberbullyingSchool Safety and Zero Tolerance

Schools and Delinquency PreventionSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion11Youth Subcultures and DelinquencyLearning OutcomesCulture, Subcultures, and CounterculturesThe Creation of a Youth SubcultureRole of the Youth SubcultureDistinctive Elements of the Youth SubcultureYouth ValuesTattoos and Body PiercingDress, Grooming, and FadsMass Media, Social Media, and TechnologySextingLanguage (Argot)The Youth Subculture and Juvenile DelinquencyJuveniles, Drugs, Drinking, Smoking, and VapingJuveniles and SexThe Straight EdgersYouth Countercultures and DelinquencyTeenage Satanic GroupsYouth Hate GroupsThe Youth Subculture and Delinquency PreventionSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion12Juvenile Gangs and DelinquencyLearning OutcomesPlay Groups and Group DelinquencyJuvenile GangsWhat Is a Gang?History of Youth GangsMedia Portrayals of GangsTransnational GangsYouth Gangs in the United StatesMotives for Gang MembershipInitiation RitualsGang OrganizationThe Near GroupGang Graffiti, Argot/Slanguage, and SymbolsComposition of Gang Membership

Social ClassRacial/Ethnic Composition of GangsGang ViolenceGang Intervention and PreventionSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion13Juveniles and the PoliceLearning OutcomesJuvenile Encounters with PolicePolicing JuvenilesLaw Enforcement RoleCrime Prevention RoleMedia Images of Police and Law EnforcementPolice Discretion in Handling JuvenilesLegal FactorsSeriousness of the OffensePrior Police ContactsEvidenceComplainantExtralegal FactorsAgeSex and GenderRace and EthnicitySocioeconomic StatusAppearance, Attitude, and Demeanor of the JuvenileWillingness of Parents to CooperateCharacteristics of the Police OfficerPolice and Due ProcessPolice, Community Policing, and Delinquency PreventionSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion14Juvenile Courts and CorrectionsLearning OutcomesHistorical Background of the Juvenile CourtThe Child Savers MovementThe Juvenile CourtThe Media and Getting Tough on CrimeWaiver: Remanding Juveniles to Adult CourtsJuvenile Courts, Due Process, and the U.S. Supreme CourtJuvenile Court Procedures

IntakeAdjudicationDispositionJuvenile CorrectionsJuvenile ProbationRestitution and Restorative JusticeJuvenile PlacementDetention FacilitiesTraining SchoolsGroup HomesPrivate FacilitiesJuvenile AftercareJuveniles in Adult Jails and PrisonsCapital Punishment for Juveniles andRoper v. SimmonsDeinstitutionalization, Community Corrections, and DiversionHouse ArrestYouth Service BureausVisionQuestJuvenile Boot CampsOther Diversion ProgramsSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion15Delinquency Treatment and PreventionLearning OutcomesMedicalization and Medical Treatment for Social ProblemsMedia and the Medical Model of DelinquencyTreatment Ideology and Delinquency Treatment ProgramsBehavior ModificationCognitive Behavioral TherapyReality Therapy and Choice TheoryGroup and Individual Counseling and TherapyPrevention Ideology and Delinquency Prevention ProgramsEarly IdentificationPredelinquency and Early IdentificationSociological Approaches to Delinquency Treatment and PreventionThe Chicago Area ProjectThe Mid-City ProjectMobilization for YouthMinnesota Youth Advocate Program/Urban LeagueNeighborhood Youth Corps and Job TrainingP.I.N.S. (Persons In Need of Supervision) ProgramsThe Millcreek Youth Correctional FacilityThe Paint Creek Youth CenterProject New PrideMentoring ProgramsOther Programs

Mobilizing the Community to Prevent DelinquencyCrimestoppers and HotlinesNeighborhood Watch and Youth Crime WatchGuardian Angels and Cyber AngelsEvaluation of Delinquency Treatment and Prevention StrategiesSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and Discussion16Rethinking the Delinquency ProblemLearning OutcomesThe Social Nature of Juvenile DelinquencyEliminating the Marginal Status of JuvenilesRites of PassageMeaningful Social ParticipationStandardization or Elimination of Juvenile CodesDecriminalization of Status OffensesRevision of the Juvenile CourtLimited JurisdictionDue ProcessProfessional Judges and Court PersonnelDispositional AlternativesOther RevisionsModification of Juvenile CorrectionsStrengthening the FamilyChanging the Educational SystemRedefining Juvenile DelinquencyThe Role of the Media in Redefining DelinquencyA Final NoteSummaryOutcomes Assessment: Questions and Topics for Study and DiscussionGlossaryReferencesPhoto and Cartoon CreditsName IndexSubject Index