This collection of work studies the often neglected writers of the second half of the twelfth century in England. At this time three languages competed for recognition and prestige and carved out their own spaces, while an English-speaking populace was ruled by a French-speaking aristocracy and administered by a Latin-speaking and writing clergy.

RUTH KENNEDY is a Lecturer at Royal Holloway University of London, UK. SIMON MEECHAM-JONES is a Faculty Member of English at Cambridge University, UK.