InhaltsangabePreface.- 1. Canopies, or EPRs; Ye. Gayev.- 1.1. Vegetative canopies in meteorology.- 1.2. Vegetated river beds.- 1.3. Urban canopies.- 1.4. Spraying coolers.- 1.5. Other examples of EPR.- 1.6. Laboratory modelling of the canopy flows.- 1.7. Preliminary conclusion. Turbulence.- 2. Discrete and continuum models; J.C.R. Hunt et al.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Over/through canopies.- 2.3. Computational models.- 2.4. Dispersion in canopies.- 2.5. Conclusion.- 2.6. Appendix A: Dispersion in street canyon.- 2.7. Appendix B: Notation and abbreviations.- 3. EPR of different structure; Ye. Gayev.- 3.1. EPR of immobile elements.- 3.2. EPRs made up of mobile elements.- 3.3. Turbulence in EPRs.- 4. Flow in vegetation canopies; R.H. Shaw.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Flow Above The Canopy.- 4.3. Flow Within The Canopy.- 4.4. Computational Representations of Canopy Flow.- 4.5. Higher-Order Closure Schemes.- 4.6. Large-Eddy Simulation.- 4.7. Contribution of Canopy Elements.- 4.8. Conditional Sampling and Composite Averaging.- 4.9. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) Analysis.- 4.10. Summary.- 5. Topography and stable stratification; J. Finnigan.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. The windfield over a canopy covered hill.- 5.3. The scalar field over a canopy covered hill.- 5.4. Stable Stratification.- 5.5. Summary and conclusions.- 6. Aquatic Canopies; H. Nepf et al.- 6.1. Introduction: Comparison of Aquatic and Terrestrial Canopies.- 6.2. Emergent Canopies.- 6.3. Diffusion within Emergent Vegetation.- 6.4. Submerged Canopies.- 6.5. Summary.- 7. Vorticity annihilation, inviscid blocking; I. Eames et al.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Vorticity annihilation.- 7.3. Inviscid blocking.- 7.4. Modelling drag forces.- 7.5. Bubbly flows: high void fraction, high Re.- 7.6. Concluding remarks.- 8. Fires in Porous Media; R.N. Meroney.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Forest and wildland fire statistics.- 8.3. Historic large urban fires.- 8.4. Fire classification.- 8.5. Modeling methodologies.- 8.6. Forest and urban climate meteorology.- 8.7. Fluid mechanics of fires and porous canopies.- 8.8. Fire whirls and fire tornadoes.- 8.9. Numerical Modeling Fire Whirls.- 8.10. Conclusions and recommendations.- 9. Air emergencies and urban weather; A. Baklanov.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Applications to Urban Meteorology and Air Quality.- 9.3. Applications to Emergency Preparedness.- Conclusion.- Bibliography.- Index.