NANOCELLULOSEThis book provides the latest up-to-date information on the exciting applications of nanocellulose in human diseases by giving in-depth explanations of their synthesis, characterization, and real-world applications in the biomedical sectors.
Nanocellulose is a promising nanomaterial with unique qualities including low cost, durability, non-toxicity, accessibility, etc. Cellulose can be classified into two types: nanocrystals and nanofibrils, depending on the way it is extracted from trees, plants, or other cellulose-containing species. Textiles, cosmetics, and food products are just a few of the commercial uses for nanocellulose. However, it also has strong potential for use in medicine.
The book presents the most recent scientific research on nanocellulose as a biopolymer and its potential uses in medicine. The reader will discover:explains the synthesis of bacterial nanocellulose from different bacterial species and their characteristics;details processes and applications of electrospinning and the synthesis of novel nanocellulose-based nanocomposite materials;discusses the various surface functionalization processes of cellulose and their advantages and disadvantages;delves into the application of nanocellulose in tissue engineering and grafting, such as in wound dressing and implants;discusses nanocellulose as a carrier for drug delivery, as well as the synthesis of antibacterial nanocomposites for treating multi-drug-resistant bacteria;explores the role of nanocellulose in the treatment of renal failure, nanocellulose hydrogel for ophthalmic and dental applications.
Audience
Researchers in areas including environmental biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, renewable energy, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, and microbiology will be interested in this book.
Preface xvii
1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer: An Overview 1Bidisha Saha and Mainak Mukhopadhyay
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview 3
1.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose 6
1.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses 10
1.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites 13
1.6 Summary and Prospects 19
2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization 27Jiawei Chen, Yu Chen and Tanushree Ghosh
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) 29
2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) 38
2.4 Characterization 43
2.5 Conclusion 49
3 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 63Moushali Sil, Kamolika Mukhopadhyay, Durba Roy, Sampriti Kundu and Debalina Bhattacharya
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon 70
3.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon 72
3.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis 73
3.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield 74
3.6 Factors for BNC Production 77
3.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose 80
3.8 Conclusion 83
4 Process and Applications of Electrospinning 89Anushka Lather and Shubhangi Paliwal
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning 90
4.3 Setup for the Experiment 92
4.4 Principle of the Process 93
4.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning 93
4.6 Electrospinning Variations 97
4.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers 101
4.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects 105
5 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties 113Sunita Adak
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 Nanocellulose 117
5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 125
5.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 131
5.5 Conclusion 134
6 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 141Pranabi Maji and Dibyarupa Pal
6.1 Chemical Approach 141
6.2 Enzymatic Approach 146
6.3 Physical Techniques 148
6.4 Conclusion 154
7 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 159Sneha Dey, Paramjeet Singh, Sampriti Sarkar and Avik Acharya Chowdhury
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties 161
7.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis 166
7.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose 169
7.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting 172
7.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose 177
7.7 Future Prospects 180
7.8 Conclusion 181
8 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings 193B.A. Aderibigbe
8.1 Introduction 194
8.2 Types of Wounds 195
8.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 196
8.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings 210
8.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion 211
9 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications 221Rubai Ahmed, Swarnali Das, Jhimli Banerjee, Sovan Samanta, Sandeep Kumar Dash and Arindam Pramanik
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery 224
9.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery 226
9.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis 229
9.5 Types of Nanocellulose 232
9.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose 235
9.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier 239
9.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses 241
9.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder 243
9.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials 249
9.11 Future Perspective 252
9.12 Conclusion 253
10 Preparation of Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Using Nanocellulose 267Moumita Bishai
10.1 Introduction 268
10.2 Nanocellulose 269
10.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose 272
10.4 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite 273
10.5 Properties of the Nanocomposites 273
10.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Processing 274
10.7 Antibacterial Properties of the Nanocomposite Material 279
10.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 279
11 Application of Nanocellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure 297Prapti Chakraborty and Priyanka Ray
11.1 Introduction 298
11.2 Renal Disease and Its Implications 299
11.3 NanocelluloseConcept and Formulation 304
11.4 Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocellulose 309
11.5 Conclusion 312
12 Use of Nanocellulose Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Applications 319Gouranga Dutta, Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar and Abimanyu Sugumaran
12.1 Introduction 320
12.2 Nanocellulose Overview 321
12.3 Nanocellulose Compatibility for Ophthalmic Applications 327
12.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogel 328
12.5 Ophthalmic Application of Nanocellulose 330
12.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect 331
13 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 335Shubhangi Paliwal and Anushka Lather
13.1 Introduction 336
13.2 Chemical as Well as the Structural Makeup of Cellulose Fibers 337
13.3 CelluloseOrigin, Extraction, and Sources 339
13.4 Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Purification of Cellulose 341
13.5 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials 345
13.6 Conclusion 352
14 Use of Nanocellulose for Dental Applications 359Rupankar Ghosh, Amlan Roychowdhury and Ditipriya Hazra
14.1 Introduction 359
14.2 Application of Nanocellulose in Dental Science 362
14.3 Conclusion 368
15 Future Prospects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and Its Composites 373Anbazhagan Thirumalai, Mahashweta Mitra Ghosh, Agnishwar Girigoswami and Koyeli Girigoswami
15.1 Introduction 374
15.2 Cellulose 375
15.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC) 376
15.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites 379
15.5 Biomedical Applications of BNC 382
15.6 Conclusion 386
Acknowledgments 386
References 386
Index 391
