Our societies have become very crisis-prone. This book explores crises and the methods of anticipation, management and reconstruction, and considers a risk-crisis-territorial development continuum. The aim is to better understand a widely used concept and clarify the methods of action in the field of crisis management. The different forms of learning proposed to better face future crises are also questioned.This book invites us to analyze the resources available to support crisis management and reconstruction, and consider the unequal access to these resources in different territories in order to design future territorial strategies. This often results in a form of territorial inertia after the crises. However, some innovate, imagine renewed territories, prepare for reconstruction, or even recompose territories now in order to make them more resilient. The crisis can then be the driving force or the accelerator of these changes and contribute to the emergence of new practices, or even new urban and territorial utopias.
Foreword ixSamuel RUFAT
Introduction xiiiRichard LAGANIER
Chapter 1 Territorial Crisis, Elements of Definition 1Richard LAGANIER and Yvette VEYRET
1.1 Crisis and catastrophe 6
1.2 Disasters of natural origin: a circumscribed crisis territory 10
1.3 Localized crises of natural origin aggravated or provoked by human activities 16
1.4 Industrial, technological and nuclear disasters and crises: localized crises and spatial consequences 17
1.5 More diffuse environmental, food and health crises on a regional or continental scale 21
1.6 Reticular crises 24
1.7 The mega-crises on a global scale, the domino effects 27
1.8 Conclusion 30
Chapter 2 General Principles of Crisis Management 31Freddy VINET and Anne-Marie LEVRAUT
2.1 Nature of the crisis and forms of crisis management 33
2.1.1 The nature of the crisis: cycle, trajectory or black swan? 33
2.1.2 The nature of the crisis: scale of the crisis versus scale of its management 34
2.2 Preparing for the crisis: the prevention/preparation link 37
2.2.1 Preparation: the imperative link between prevention and crisis management 37
2.2.2 Monitoring: choosing the right indicators 39
2.2.3 From monitoring to forecasting 39
2.2.4 Forecasting tools 40
2.3 Information in times of crisis 41
2.3.1 Upstream information in times of crisis: monitoring tools 42
2.3.2 Alert 43
2.3.3 Infodemia, misinformation and controversy 46
2.4 Crisis management: an integrated approach 47
2.4.1 Conditions for a shared vision 47
2.4.2 Integration of populations 49
2.4.3 The importance of logistics 53
2.4.4 Population management: the issue of evacuation 54
2.5 Conclusion 55
Chapter 3 Learning from Crisis Management 57Freddy VINET, Alain CHEVALLIER, Hoilid LAMSSALAK and Dimitri LAPIERRE
3.1 Feedback: objectives, contents, actors 60
3.1.1 Objectives of feedback 61
3.1.2 Feedback times: feedback and territories 62
3.1.3 Feedback methods and contents 65
3.1.4 Feedback: a tool for sharing and disseminating learning 66
3.1.5 Conclusions on feedback 69
3.2 Crisis management exercises and simulation 69
3.2.1 Objectives and prerequisites 69
3.2.2 Organizing a crisis management exercise: methodology 71
3.2.3 Types of exercise 74
3.2.4 Communication and media awareness 75
3.2.5 Stress management 76
3.2.6 A community-wide exercise 77
3.3 Conclusion 79
Chapter 4 Crisis Management Resources 81Jérémy ROBERT, Pauline GLUSKI, Sébastien HARDY, Pascale METZGER and Alexis SIERRA
4.1 The reason for a shift from risk to crisis 83
4.1.1 Why be interested in crises? 83
4.1.2 From stakes to resources: conceptual framework 84
4.2 How to identify crisis management resources? 87
4.2.1 Different types of crisis management resources 87
4.2.2 Methodological aspects 94
4.3 The benefits of a resource-based approach 105
4.3.1 Understanding the vulnerability of the territory 105
4.3.2 An operational interest 106
4.4 Conclusion: thinking about a riskcrisisdevelopment continuum 107
Chapter 5 Post-disaster Recovery: Challenges and Resources 109Annabelle MOATTY
5.1 The challenge of coordinating a multitude of actors with inadequate regulatory frameworks 111
5.1.1 The actors and temporalities of the reconstruction process 111
5.1.2 Legislative and regulatory frameworks for recovery 115
5.2 Financial resources for reconstruction and the weight of solidarity in individual recovery 117
5.2.1 Government resources 117
5.2.2 International aid directed mainly to developing countries 119
5.2.3 The influence of solidarity mechanisms on the recovery of individuals and communities 120
5.3 Land resources and territorial restructuring 122
5.3.1 Relocation of areas deemed too dangerous for population settlement 122
5.3.2 On-site reconstruction, in the continuity of pre-existing structures 125
5.3.3 Post-disaster as a catalyst for inequality? 126
5.4 Conclusion 128
Chapter 6 Crises and Territories: Legacies, Inertia and Dynamics 131Nancy MESCHINET DE RICHEMOND and Yvette VEYRET
6.1 Crises and territories: always complex articulations, in constant renewal 132
6.1.1 Crises and territories: scales, actors and contexts 132
6.1.2 Obstacles linked to conflicts and the interplay of actors in crisis management 137
6.1.3 Crises and urban territories: rupture, bifurcation, sustainability, resilience? 143
6.2 Inertia of representations 145
6.2.1 Inertia of representations on the role of the population and its vulnerabilities 146
6.2.2 Inertia of the representations of the crisis itself 149
6.2.3 Territorial inertia feeds crises: a territorialization of data unsuited to management? 154
6.3 Crises feed territorial inertia 156
6.3.1 When crises and emergency become everyday life: the example of Haiti 157
6.3.2 Instrumentalization and resilience: the root causes of crises are still present 158
Chapter 7 Founding Crisis of Territorial Renewal 165Yvette VEYRET and Richard LAGANIER
7.1 Managing a risk territory on a global scale 168
7.1.1 The age of risk management 169
7.1.2 SYMADREM 170
7.1.3 The Rhône Plan, a global vision 170
7.1.4 Crisis management 172
7.1.5 Evolution of the legislation, the future of SYMADREM 173
7.2 Reducing risk through protection 174
7.2.1 Dikes and diking systems, regulation, management 175
7.2.2 The equipment of rivers with polders 177
7.2.3 Soft management of coastal risk areas 179
7.3 Adapting the habitat 182
7.3.1 Responses to natural hazards 183
7.3.2 Housing and technological risks 186
7.3.3 Adapting buildings to the effects of climate change 188
7.4 Adapting the neighborhood and the city 189
7.4.1 Flood-safe neighborhoods 189
7.4.2 Urban technical networks and resilient critical infrastructures 194
7.4.3 Responses to climate risks the urban heat island, green neighborhoods 195
7.4.4 Eco-neighborhoods, resilient neighborhoods? 196
7.4.5 From the eco-neighborhood to the smart city 198
7.5 Strategic retreat 200
7.6 Conclusion 203
References 205
List of Authors 233
Index 235
