Being a good clinician is not only about knowledge how doctors and other healthcare professionals think, reason, and make decisions is arguably their most critical skill. The second edition of theABC of Clinical Reasoning breaks down clinical reasoning into its core components and explores each of these in more detail, including the applications for clinical practice, teaching, and learning.

Informed by the latest evidence from cognitive psychology, education, and studies of expertise, this edition has been extensively re-written and updated, and covers: Key components of clinical reasoning: evidence-based history and examination, choosing and interpreting diagnostic tests, problem identification and management, and shared decision-makingKey concepts in clinical reasoning, such dual process theories, and script theorySituativity and human factorsMetacognition and cognitive strategiesTeaching clinical reasoning

From a team of expert authors, theABC of Clinical Reasoning is essential reading for all students, clinical teachers, curriculum planners and clinicians involved in diagnosis.

About the ABC series

The ABC series has been designed to help you access information quickly and deliver the best patient care, and remains an essential reference tool for GPs, junior doctors, medical students and healthcare professionals.

Now offering over 80 titles, this extensive series provides you with a quick and dependable reference on a range of topics in all the major specialties.

The ABC series is the essential and dependable source of up-to-date information for all practitioners and students in primary healthcare.

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Nicola Cooper is a Consultant Physician and Clinical Associate Professor in Medical Education at the Medical Education Centre, University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom.

John Frain is a General Practitioner, Clinical Associate Professor, and Director of Clinical Skills in the Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom.

Contributors vi

Preface (second Edition) vii

1 Introduction to Clinical Reasoning 1Nicola Cooper and John Frain

2 Evidence-based History and Examination 7John Frain

3 Choosing and Interpreting Diagnostic Tests 17Nicola Cooper

4 Problem Identification and Management 23Nicola Cooper and John Frain

5 Shared Decision-making 29Anna Hammond and Simon Gay

6 Models of Clinical Reasoning 35Nicola Cooper

7 Cognitive Biases 41Nicola Cooper

8 Situativity and Human Factors 47Nicola Cooper

9 Metacognition and Cognitive Strategies 53Pat Croskerry

10 Teaching Clinical Reasoning 61Nicola Cooper and Mini Singh

Index 71