Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology for ParamedicsAn essential introduction to pathophysiology for paramedics
Paramedics are specialists in out-of-hospital emergency healthcare; they are also capable of operating as generalist clinicians whose work is indispensable in a variety of healthcare settings. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic, especially, has revealed the versatility of the paramedic workforce. Contemporary paramedic practice continues to break new ground as the workforce is called upon to undertake critical roles in support of the wider healthcare sector. However, to perform their crucial work paramedics require a strong understanding of pathophysiology to enable them to make rapid and effective clinical decisions.
Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology for Paramedics is a comprehensive introduction to this subject for aspiring, early-career, and experienced paramedics. This textbook links theory to practice and supports high-quality care in dynamic, fast-paced environments. Drawing on the latest available evidence and clinical best practice, it promises to support current paramedics, and prepare student paramedics for their future as healthcare professionals.User-friendly organisation of topics broken down by body systemsDetailed discussion of patient-focused issues, common and specialised diseases, and morePhysiological and psychological alerts to aid in diagnosis and response
Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology for Paramedics is ideal for all paramedic students and early career paramedics.
Contributors xiv
About the Editors xviii
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxi
Chapter 1 Learning the Language: Terminology 1Ian Peate
Introduction 1
Anatomy and Physiology 2
Anatomy 2
Physiology 8
Terminology 10
Pathophysiology 11
The Determinants of Health 14
Using a Medical Dictionary, Hints and Tips 15
Summary 17
References 17
Further Reading 18
Online Resources 18
Glossary 18
Multiple Choice Questions 18
Chapter 2 Cell and Body Tissue Physiology 20Terry Dore and Ian Peate
Introduction 20
Cell Anatomy and Function 21
The Cell Membrane 22
The Cytoplasm 23
The Nucleus 23
Cellular Reproduction 24
Differentiation 26
Cellular Organelles 26
Body Tissues 28
The Ageing Process 29
Summary 30
References 30
Further Reading 31
Online Resources 31
Glossary 31
Multiple Choice Questions 32
Chapter 3 Homeostasis 34Sadie Diamond- Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse
Introduction 34
Homeostatic Mechanisms 35
Thermoregulation 36
Blood Glucose Homeostasis 38
Arterial Blood Pressure Homeostasis 41
Plasma Osmolality and Electrolyte Homeostasis 42
AcidBase Homeostasis 45
Blood Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Homeostasis 45
Summary 48
References 48
Further Reading 49
Online Resources 49
Glossary 49
Multiple Choice Questions 50
Chapter 4 Trauma and Inflammation 52Kylie Kendrick and Scott Stewart
Introduction 52
Pathophysiology of Trauma and Inflammation 54
Management 57
Summary 61
References 61
Further Reading 64
Online Resources 64
Glossary 64
Multiple Choice Questions 66
Chapter 5 Shock 68Matt Wilkinson- Stokes
Introduction 68
Shock 69
Pathophysiology of Shock 70
Burn Shock 76
Stages of Shock 78
Identification of Shock 81
Management of Shock 82
Summary 85
Acknowledgement 86
References 86
Online Resources 87
Glossary 87
Multiple Choice Questions 87
Chapter 6 The Nervous System and Its Associated Disorders 89Tom E. Mallinson
Introduction 89
Central Nervous System 90
Peripheral Nervous System 97
Disorders of the Nervous System 101
Traumatic Brain Injury 102
Stroke 111
Dementia 113
Seizures and Epilepsy 117
Summary 120
References 120
Further Reading 121
Online Resources 122
Glossary 122
Multiple Choice Questions 123
Chapter 7 The Cardiovascular System and Its Associated Disorders 125Tom E. Mallinson
Introduction 125
Gross Anatomy 126
Cardiac Cycle 129
Diseases of the Heart 134
Electrical 143
Diseases of the Vasculature 145
Summary 146
References 146
Further Reading 147
Online Resources 147
Glossary 148
Multiple Choice Questions 149
Chapter 8 The Blood and Associated Disorders 151David Yore
Introduction 151
Functions of Blood 152
Composition of Blood 152
Blood Groups 155
White Blood Cells 156
Haemostasis 158
Areas of Internal Bleeding of Concern 161
Care and Management of Internal Bleeding 163
Anaemia 166
Sepsis 169
External Considerations 170
Intracranial Bleeding 170
Leukaemia 171
Haemophilia 172
Summary 173
References 174
Further Reading 174
Online Resources 174
Glossary 175
Multiple Choice Questions 176
Chapter 9 The Renal System and Associated Disorders 178Liam Rooney
Introduction 178
Kidneys 179
Regulating Blood Pressure: the ReninAngiotensinAldosterone System 182
Ureters 183
Urinary Bladder 184
Urethra 185
Disorders of the Renal System 186
Renal Calculi 186
Urinary Tract Infections 190
Glomerular Disease 192
Diabetic Nephropathy 192
Acute Kidney Injury 193
Chronic Kidney Disease 193
Tumours 194
Ageing and the Renal System 195
Trauma 195
Summary 195
References 196
Further Reading 196
Online Resources 196
Glossary 197
Multiple Choice Questions 197
Chapter 10 The Respiratory System and Associated Disorders 199Ian Macleod and Simon Sawyer
Introduction 200
Anatomy and Physiology 201
Disease Processes of the Respiratory System 205
Summary 215
References 215
Further Reading 216
Online Resources 216
Glossary 216
Multiple Choice Questions 217
Chapter 11 The Gastrointestinal System and Associated Disorders 219Ian Peate and Neil Coleman
Introduction 220
Components of the Gastrointestinal System 221
Conditions of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 227
Conditions of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract 229
The Acute Abdomen 231
Accessory Organs 232
Summary 236
References 237
Further Reading 237
Online Resources 237
Glossary 237
Multiple Choice Questions 238
Chapter 12 The Endocrine System and Associated Disorders 240Sadie Diamond- Fox and Alexandra Gatehouse
Introduction 241
Physiology of the Endocrine System 241
Hormones 241
Control of Hormones 245
Introduction to Common Endocrine Pathologies 247
Clinical Features of Endocrine Disorders 247
Pituitary Disorders 247
Thyroid Disorders 249
Parathyroid Disorders 253
Adrenal Disorders 253
Pancreatic Disorders 256
Summary 260
References 260
Further Reading 260
Online Resources 261
Glossary 261
Multiple Choice Questions 261
Chapter 13 The Reproductive Systems and Associated Disorders 263Tim Millington and Aimee Yarrington
The Female Reproductive System 264
Antepartum Haemorrhage 274
The Male Reproductive System 276
Summary 287
References 287
Further Reading 289
Online Resources 289
Glossary 289
Multiple Choice Questions 289
Chapter 14 Pain 291Rory Prevett
Introduction 291
The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain 292
Nociceptor Transduction 293
Transmission 293
Modulation 293
Perception 295
Pain Theories 296
Pathophysiology 297
Pain Assessment 300
Adult Assessment 300
Paediatric Assessment 303
The Biopsychosocial Approach 306
Pain Management 306
Summary 310
References 310
Further Reading 311
Online Resources 311
Glossary 311
Multiple Choice Questions 311
Chapter 15 The Musculoskeletal System and Associated Disorders 313George Bell- Starr and Ashley Ingram
Introduction 313
The Musculoskeletal System 314
Bone Development and Structure 314
Joints 316
Muscle 318
The Nervous System 319
Common Musculoskeletal Presentations 319
Lower Back Pain 321
Arthritis 321
Osteoporosis 322
Assessing Musculoskeletal Presentations 323
Treating Musculoskeletal Presentations 325
Summary 328
References 328
Further Reading 329
Online Resources 329
Glossary 329
Multiple Choice Questions 330
Chapter 16 Fluid, Electrolyte Balance and Associated Disorders 332Noleen P. Jones
Introduction 332
Body Fluid Compartments 333
Composition of Body Fluid 333
Body Fluid Balance 334
Osmosis 335
Electrolytes 336
Diffusion 337
Hormones That Regulate Fluid and Electrolytes 337
Oedema 339
Pulmonary Oedema 339
Peripheral Oedema 340
Disorders Associated with Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance 340
Nausea and Vomiting 343
Nausea 343
Vomiting 343
Clinical Investigations 346
Caring for the Patient with Oedema 346
Pulmonary Oedema 347
Peripheral Oedema 348
Summary 350
References 351
Further Reading 351
Online Resources 352
Glossary of Terms 352
Multiple Choice Questions 353
Chapter 17 The Skin and Associated Disorders 355Melanie Stephens and Derek Fox
Introduction 356
Anatomy and Physiology 356
Function of the Skin 361
Wound Healing 361
Assessment 362
Wound Assessment 366
Skin Infections: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal 367
Generalised Pustular Psoriasis 369
Wounds 369
Types of Wounds 370
Factitious/Iatrogenic/Self- Harm Wounds 372
Summary 375
References 376
Further Reading 377
Online Resources 377
Glossary 377
Multiple Choice Questions 378
Chapter 18 The Ears and Eyes 380Carl Clare
Introduction 380
The Senses of Equilibrium and Hearing 381
The Structure of the Ear 381
Equilibrium 384
Hearing 384
Disorders of the Ear 388
Ménières Disease 391
The Sense of Sight 392
Lacrimal Apparatus 394
The Eye 394
The Processing of Visual Information 399
Disorders of the Eye 399
Summary 402
References 403
Further Reading 403
Online Resources 403
Glossary 404
Multiple Choice Questions 404
Chapter 19 Death and Dying 406Sarah Lumley and Simon Sawyer
Introduction 406
The Process of Dying 407
The Grieving Process 408
Palliative Care 409
Advance Decision to Refuse Treatment 409
Assisted Dying 411
Sudden Unexpected Death in Paediatrics 411
Paramedic Management of Death and Dying 412
Summary 417
References 418
Further Reading 419
Online Resources 419
Glossary 419
Multiple Choice Questions 420
Multiple Choice Answers 422
Index 430
