The new edition of the classic collection of key readings in bioethics, fully updated to reflect the latest developments and main issues in the field

For more than two decades,Bioethics: An Anthology has been widely regarded as the definitive single-volume compendium of seminal readings on both traditional and cutting-edge ethical issues in biology and medicine. Acclaimed for its scope and depth of coverage, this landmark work brings together compelling writings by internationally-renowned bioethicist to help readers develop a thorough understanding of the central ideas, critical issues, and current debate in the field.

Now fully revised and updated, the fourth edition contains a wealth of new content on ethical questions and controversies related to the COVID-19 pandemic, advances in CRISPR gene editing technology, physician-assisted death, public health and vaccinations, transgender children, medical aid in dying, the morality of ending the lives of newborns, and much more. Throughout the new edition, carefully selected essays explore a wide range of topics and offer diverse perspectives that underscore the interdisciplinary nature of bioethical study. Edited by two of the fields most respected scholars,Bioethics: An Anthology:

Bioethics: An Anthology, Fourth Edition remains a must-have resource for all students, lecturers, and researchers studying the ethical implications of the health-related life sciences, and an invaluable reference for doctors, nurses, and other professionals working in health care and the biomedical sciences.

UDO SCHÜKLENK is Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics and Public Policy, Queens University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He has held academic appointments in Australia, the UK, and South Africa, and is a long-serving Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journalBioethics, the official publication of the International Association of Bioethics.

PETER SINGER is Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University, USA. He is best known as the author ofAnimal Liberation, widely considered to be the founding statement of the animal rights movement, and for his role in inspiring the growth of effective altruism.

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction 1

Part I Abortion 9

Introduction 11

1 Abortion and Infanticide 15Michael Tooley

2 A Defense of Abortion 31Judith Jarvis Thomson

3 The Wrong of Abortion 42Patrick Lee and Robert P. George

4 Why Abortion is Immoral 54Don Marquis

Part II Issues in Reproduction 67

Introduction 69

Assisted Reproduction 73

5 The McCaughey Septuplets: God's Will or Human Choice? 75Gregory Pence

6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too 78Timothy F. Murphy

7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People 85Derek Parfit

Prenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning 91

8 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? 93Laura M. Purdy

9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis 101The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine

10 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Response to the Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 107Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl

11 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors 110David King

12 The Moral Status of Human Cloning: Neo-Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos 115Michael Tooley

Part III Genetic Manipulation 133

Introduction 135

13 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering 139Jonathan Glover

14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy-Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics 151David B. Resnik

15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 162Nick Bostrom

16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene-Editing Technologies in Human Embryos 170Francis S. Collins

17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents? 172Giulia Cavaliere

18 Who's Afraid of the Big Bad (Germline Editing) Wolf? 185R. Alta Charo

19 An Ethical Pathway for Gene Editing 191Julian Savulescu and Peter Singer

Part IV Life and Death Issues 195

Introduction 197

20 The Sanctity of Life 207Jonathan Glover

21 Declaration on Euthanasia 218Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

Killing and Letting Die 223

22 Active and Passive Euthanasia 225James Rachels

23 The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View 230Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr.

24 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? 235Winston Nesbitt

25 Why Killing is Not Always Worse - and Sometimes Better - Than Letting Die 240Helga Kuhse

26 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics 244Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog, and Dan W. Brock

Newborns 255

27 Can a Physician Ever Justifiably Euthanize a Severely Disabled Newborn? 257Robert M. Sade

28 No to Infant Euthanasia 259Gilbert Meilaender

29 Physicians Can Justifiably Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates 262Udo Schuklenk

30 You Should Not Have Let Your Baby Die 266Gary Comstock

31 After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live? 269Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva

32 Does a Human Being Gain the Right to Live after He or She is Born? 275Christopher Kaczor

33 Hard Lessons: Learning from the Charlie Gard Case 280Dominic Wilkinson and Julian Savulescu

Brain Death 289

34 A Definition of Irreversible Coma 291Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death

35 The Challenge of Brain Death for the Sanctity of Life Ethic 296Peter Singer

36 The Philosophical Debate 308The President's Council on Bioethics

37 An Alternative to Brain Death 318Jeff McMahan

Advance Directives 323

38 Life Past Reason 325Ronald Dworkin

39 Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy 333Rebecca Dresser

Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide 343

40 The Note 345Chris Hill

41 When Self-Determination Runs Amok 350Daniel Callahan

42 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok 356John Lachs

43 Physician-Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment-Resistant Depression 361Bonnie Steinbock

44 Are Concerns about Irremediableness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying? 378William Rooney, Udo Schuklenk, and Suzanne van de Vathorst

Part V Resource Allocation 393

Introduction 395

45 In a Pandemic, Should We Save Younger Lives? 399Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett

46 The Value of Life 403John Harris

47 Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination 413Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord

48 Rescuing Lives: Can't We Count? 420Paul T. Menzel

49 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation? 423Alvin H. Moss and Mark Siegler

Part VI Obtaining Organs 431

Introduction 433

50 Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? 435Eike-Henner W. Kluge

51 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales 439Janet Radcliffe-Richards, A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy, M. Lock, R. A. Sells and N. Tilney and for the International Forum Transplant Ethics

52 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Kidneys 443Debra Satz

53 The Survival Lottery 456John Harris

Part VII Ethical Issues in Research 463

Introduction 465

Experimentation with Humans 473

54 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research 475National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

55 Scientific Research is a Moral Duty 483John Harris

56 Participation in Biomedical Research is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris 495Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple

57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries 501Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe

58 We're Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them 507Danstan Bagenda and Philippa Musoke-Mudido

59 Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research 510Peter Singer and Richard Yetter Chappell

Experimentation with Animals 515

60 Duties towards Animals 517Immanuel Kant

61 A Utilitarian View 519Jeremy Bentham

62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong 521Nathan Nobis

63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research 535Dario L. Ringach

64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non-Human Primates 550Carolyn P. Neuhaus

Academic Freedom and Research 559

65 On Liberty 561John Stuart Mill

66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden?: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research 566Janet A. Kourany

67 Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True 575James R. Flynn

Part VIII Public Health Issues 585

Introduction 587

68 Ethics and Infectious Disease 591Michael J. Selgelid

69 XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency 602Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi

70 Clinical Ethics During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest 612Vijayaprasad Gopichandran

71 The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism, and Collective Easy Rescue 620Alberto Giubilini, Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu

72 Taking Responsibility for Responsibility 638Neil Levy

Part IX Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare 651

Introduction 653

When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat? 659

73 What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 661Udo Schuklenk

74 Conscientious Objection in Health Care 667Mark R. Wicclair

75 Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation versus Professionalism and the Public Good 682Udo Schuklenk

Confidentiality 693

76 Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept 695Mark Siegler

77 A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality 699Kenneth Kipnis

Truth-Telling 713

78 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives 715Immanuel Kant

79 Should Doctors Tell the Truth? 717Joseph Collins

80 On Telling Patients the Truth 724Roger Higgs

Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy 731

81 On Liberty 733John Stuart Mill

82 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital 736Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo

83 Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges 737Tom L. Beauchamp

84 The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures 745Ruth Macklin

85 Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean Well But Cause Harm 758Maura Priest

86 Amputees by Choice 777Carl Elliott

87 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life-Sustaining Treatment 788Julian Savulescu

Part X Disability 807

Introduction 809

88 Valuing Disability, Causing Disability 811Elizabeth Barnes

89 Is Disability Mere Difference? 829Greg Bognar

90 Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy 835Adrienne Asch

91 Down Syndrome Screening Isn't about Public Health: It's about Eliminating a Group of People 851Renate Lindeman

92 I Would've Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome: Women Need that Right 854Ruth Marcus

Part XI Neuroethics 857

Introduction 859

93 Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind 861Neil Levy

94 Engineering Love 867Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg

95 Unrequited Love Hurts: Should Doctors Treat Broken Hearts? 870Francesca Minerva

96 Stimulating Brains, Altering Minds 876Walter Glannon

97 Authenticity or Autonomy? When Deep Brain Stimulation Causes a Dilemma 883Felicitas Kraemer

98 On the Necessity of Ethical Guidelines for Novel Neurotechnologies 889Sara Goering and Rafael Yuste

Index 895