An essential resource for scientists designing new energy materials for the vast landscape of solar energy conversion as well as materials processing and characterization

Based on the new and fundamental research on novel energy materials with tailor-made photonic properties, the role of materials engineering has been to provide much needed support in the development of photovoltaic devices.Advanced Energy Materials offers a unique, state-of-the-art look at the new world of novel energy materials science, shedding light on the subjects vast multi-disciplinary approach

The book focuses particularly on photovoltaics, efficient light sources, fuel cells, energy-saving technologies, energy storage technologies, nanostructured materials as well as innovating materials and techniques for future nanoscale electronics. Pathways to future development are also discussed.

Critical, cutting-edge subjects are addressed, including:

Non-imaging focusing heliostat; state-of-the-art of nanostructuresMetal oxide semiconductors and their nanocompositesSuperionic solids; polymer nanocomposites; solid electrolytes; advanced electronicsElectronic and optical properties of lead sulfideHigh-electron mobility transistors and light-emitting diodesAnti-ferroelectric liquid crystals; PEEK membrane for fuel cellsAdvanced phosphors for energy-efficient lightingMolecular computation photovoltaics and photocatalystsPhotovoltaic device technology and non-conventional energy applications

Readership

The book is written for a large and broad readership including researchers and university graduate students from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, materials science, physics, and engineering working in the fields of nanotechnology, photovoltaic device technology, and non-conventional energy.

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief,Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics at Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.

Sergiy Valyukh is an Associate Professor at the Laboratory of Applied Optics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Sweden. He obtained his PhD from the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv in the Ukraine. In 2003, Dr. Valyukh was invited by the Swedish LCD Center and Dalarna University to conduct research in the field of applied physics of liquid crystals. In 2008­­2009, he developed several new electrooptical devices for companies producing displays, based on liquid crystals, and he was nominated by the Swedish Innovation Foundation ALMI in the category New Developer in Dalarna Business 2009. In 2012, he became a docent in applied optics at Linköping University.

Preface xv

1 Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat 1Kok-Keong Chong

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Principle of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 3

1.3 Residual Aberration 10

1.4 Optimization of Flux Distribution Pattern for Wide Range of Incident Angle 29

1.5 First Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 35

1.6 Second Prototype of Non-imaging Focusing Heliostat (NIFH) 52

1.7 Conclusion 64

2 State-of-the-Art of Nanostructures in Solar Energy Research 69Suresh Sagadevan

2.1 Introduction 70

2.2 Motivations for Solar Energy 71

2.3 Nanostructures and Different Synthesis Techniques 77

2.4 Nanomaterials for Solar Cells Applications 81

2.5 Advanced Nanostructures for Technological Applications 87

2.6 Theory and Future Trends in Solar Cells 92

2.7 Conclusion 97

3 Metal Oxide Semiconductors and Their Nanocomposites Application towards Photovoltaic and Photocatalytic 105Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar, Hyung-Kee Seo and Hyung Shik Shin

3.1 Introduction 106

3.2 Metal Oxide Nanostructures for Photovoltaic Applications 108

3.3 TiO2 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices 109

3.4 ZnO Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for the Application of DSSC and Heterostructure Devices 121

3.5 Fabrication of DSSCs with Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorods (NRs) and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Based Photoanode 135

3.6 ZnO Nanocomposite for the Heterostructures Devices 139

3.7 Fabrication of Heterostructure Device with Doped ZnO Nanocomposite 141

3.8 Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Application 144

3.9 Conclusions 157

3.10 Future Directions 158

4 Superionic Solids in Energy Device Applications 167Angesh Chandra and Archana Chandra

4.1 Introduction 167

4.2 Classifi cation of Superionic Solids 170

4.3 Ion Conduction in Superionic Solids 171

4.4 Important Models 173

4.5 Applications 199

4.6 Conclusion 203

5 Polymer Nanocomposites: New Advanced Dielectric Materials for Energy Storage Applications 207Vijay Kumar Thakur and Michael R. Kessler

5.1 Introduction 208

5.2 Dielectric Mechanism 209

5.3 Dielectric Materials 213

5.4 Demand for New Materials: Polymer Composites 214

5.5 Polymer Nanocomposites: Concept and Electrical Properties 216

5.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 245

6 Solid Electrolytes: Principles and Applications 259S.W. Anwane

6.1 Introduction 260

6.2 Ionic Solids 262

6.3 Classifi cation of Solid Electrolytes 265

6.4 Criteria for High Ionic Conductivity and Mobility 266

6.5 Electrical Characterization of Solid Electrolyte 267

6.6 Ionic Conductivity and Temperature 271

6.7 Concentration-Dependent Conductivity 274

6.8 Ionic Conductivity in Composite SE 275

6.9 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical System 278

6.10 Applications 280

6.11 SO2 Sensor Kinetics and Thermodynamics 286

6.12 Conclusion 291

7 Advanced Electronics: Looking beyond Silicon 295Surender Duhan and Vijay Tomer

7.1 Introduction 296

7.2 Limitations of Silicon-Based Technology 299

7.3 Need for Carbon-Based Electronics Technology 300

7.4 Carbon Family 303

7.5 Electronic Structure of Graphene and CNT 309

7.6 Synthesis of CNTs 311

7.7 Carbon Nanotube Devices 313

7.8 Advantages of CNT-Based Devices 317

7.9 Issues with Carbon-Based Electronics 319

7.10 Conclusion 322

8 Ab-Initio Determination of Pressure-Dependent Electronic and Optical Properties of Lead Sulfi de for Energy Applications 327Pooja B and G. Sharma

8.1 Introduction 327

8.2 Computational Details 328

8.3 Results and Discussion 329

8.4 Conclusions 340

9 Radiation Damage in GaN-Based Materials and Devices 345S.J. Pearton, Richard Deist, Alexander Y. Polyakov, Fan Ren, Lu Liu and Jihyun Kim

9.1 Introduction 346

9.2 Fundamental Studies of Radiation Defects in GaN and Related Materials 347

9.3 Radiation Effects in Other III-Nitrides 366

9.4 Radiation Effects in GaN Schottky Diodes, in AlGaN/GaN and GaN/InGaN Heterojunctions and Quantum Wells 370

9.5 Radiation Effects in GaN-Based Devices 374

9.6 Prospects of Radiation Technology for GaN 376

9.7 Summary and Conclusions 379

10 Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals: Smart Materials for Future Displays 389Manoj Bhushan Pandey, Roman Dabrowski and Ravindra Dhar

10.1 Introduction 390

10.2 Theories of Antiferroelectricity in Liquid Crystals 398

10.3 Molecular Structure Design/Synthesis of AFLC Materials 402

10.4 Macroscopic Characterization and Physical Properties of AFLCs 404

10.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 425

11 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications 433Tungabidya Maharana, Alekha Kumar Sutar, Nibedita Nath, Anita Routaray, Yuvraj Singh Negi and Bikash Mohanty

11.1 Introduction 434

11.2 PEEK Overview 442

11.3 PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane 446

11.4 Modifi ed PEEK as Fuel Cell Membrane 452

11.5 Evaluation of Cell Performance 459

11.6 Market Size 459

11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 460

12 Vanadate Phosphors for Energy Effi cient Lighting 465K. N. Shinde and Roshani Singh

12.1 Introduction 465

12.2 Some Well-Known Vanadate Phosphors 466

12.3 Our Approach 469

12.4 Experimental Details 469

12.5 Results and Discussion of M3-3x/2(VO4)2:xEu (0.01 x 0.09 for M = Ca and 0 x 0.3 for M = Sr,Ba) Phosphors 470

12.6 Effect of Annealing Temperature on M33x/2(VO4)2:xEu (x = 0.05 for M = Ca, x = 0.1 for M = Sr and x = 0.3 for M = Ba) Phosphors 484

12.7 Conclusions 494

13 Molecular Computation on Functionalized Solid Substrates 499Prakash Chandra Mondal

13.1 Introduction 500

13.2 Molecular Logic Gate on 3D Substrates 504

13.3 Molecular Logic Gates and Circuits on 2D Substrates 507

13.4 Combinatorial and Sequential Logic Gates and Circuits using Os-polypyridyl Complex on SiO× Substrates 514

13.5 Multiple Redox States and Logic Devices 520

13.6 Concluding Remarks 523

14 Ionic Liquid Stabilized Metal NPs and Their Role as Potent Catalyst 529Kamlesh Kumari, Prashant Singh and Gopal K.Mehrotra

14.1 Introduction 530

14.2 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 531

14.3 Shape of Particles 532

14.4 Aggregation of Particles 533

14.5 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 533

14.6 Stability against Oxidation 534

14.7 Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquid 535

14.8 Applications of Metal NPs as Potent Catalyst in Organic Synthesis 540

14.9 Conclusion 544

15 There's Plenty of Room in the Field of Zeolite-Y Enslaved Nanohybrid Materials as Eco-Friendly Catalysts: Selected Catalytic Reactions 555C.K. Modi and Parthiv M. Trivedi

15.1 Introduction 556

15.2 Types of Zeolites 557

15.3 Methodology 559

15.4 Characterization Techniques 561

15.5 Exploration of Zeolite-Y Enslaved Nanohybrid Materials 562

15.6 Conclusions 576

References 579

Index 585