Applied philosophy has been a growing area of research for the last 40 years. Until now, however, almost all of this research has been centered around the field of ethics.A Companion to Applied Philosophy breaks new ground, demonstrating that all areasof philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind, can be applied, and are relevant to questions of everyday life.

This perennial topic in philosophy provides an overview of these various applied philosophy developments, highlighting similarities and differences between various areas of applied philosophy, and examining the very nature of this topic. It is an area to which many of the towering figures in the history of philosophy have contributed, and this timely Companion demonstrates how various historical contributions are actually contributions within applied philosophy, even if they are not traditionally seen as such.

The Companion contains 42 essays covering major areas of philosophy; the articles themselves are all original contributions to the literature and represent the state of the art on this topic, as well as offering a map to the current debates.

Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Aarhus and Professor II in Philosophy at the University of Tromsø. Recent publications includeBorn Free and Equal? (2013) andLuck Egalitarianism (2015). He is an associate editor ofEthics and was Chair of the Society for Applied Philosophy from 2012 to 2014.

David Coady is a senior lecturer in philosophy at the University of Tasmania, Australia. He has published on many topics in applied epistemology, including expertise, conspiracy theory, rumor, and the blogosphere. He is the editor ofConspiracy Theories: The Philosophical Debate (2006), the author ofWhat To Believe Now: Applying Epistemology to Contemporary Issues (2012), and the co?-author ofThe Climate Change Debate: An Epistemic and Ethical Enquiry (2013). He has also published on metaphysics, philosophyof law, police ethics, the ethics of horror films, and the ethics of cricket.

Kimberley Brownlee is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick. Her research focuses on the ethics of sociability, social rights, social virtues, and freedom of association. She is the author ofConscience and Conviction: The Case for Civil Disobedience (2012) and co-editor ofDisability and Disadvantage (2009).

Notes on Contributors ix

Foreword xvi

Acknowledgments xix

Part I Introductory Articles 1

1 The Nature of Applied Philosophy 3Kasper Lippert?]Rasmussen

2 The Methodology of Applied Philosophy 18David Archard

3 The Value of Applied Philosophy 34Suzanne Uniacke

Part II Epistemology 49

4 Applied Epistemology 51David Coady

5 Gender and Feminist Epistemology 61Nancy Daukas

6 The Epistemology of Deliberative Democracy 76Fabienne Peter

7 Information Markets 89Kristoffer Ahlstrom?]Vij

8 Epistemology for (Real) People 103Michael Bishop and J.D. Trout

9 Are Conspiracy Theorists Epistemically Vicious? 120Charles R. Pigden

10 Experts in the Climate Change Debate 133Ben Almassi

11 Freedom of Expression, Diversity, and Truth 147Klemens Kappel, Bjørn Hallsson, and Emil F.L. Møller

Part III Metaphysics and Philosophy of Language 163

12 Applied Metaphysics 165Katherine Hawley

13 Applied Philosophy of Language 180Emma Borg

14 Social Ontology and War 196Seumas Miller

15 The Metaphysics of Gender 211Natalie Stoljar

16 The Existence of the Dead 224Steven Luper

17 Freedom of Expression and Derogatory Words 236Caroline West

Part IV Ethics 253

18 Applied Moral Philosophy 255Richard Arneson

19 Neuroethics and Responsibility 270Neil Levy

20 Non?]ideal Theory 284Zofia Stemplowska

21 Death: Badness and Prudential Reasons 297Jens Johansson

Part V Political Philosophy and Philosophy of Law 311

22 Applied Political and Legal Philosophy 313Michelle Madden Dempsey and Matthew Lister

23 Legal Human Rights Theory 328Samantha Besson

24 Collectivism and Reductivism in the Ethics of War 342Helen Frowe

25 Freedom of Association 356Kimberley Brownlee

26 Neuroethics and Criminal Justice 370Jesper Ryberg and Thomas Søbirk Petersen

27 Deliberative Democracy 383Thomas Christiano and Sameer Bajaj

28 Tax Ethics: Political and Individual 397Geoffrey Brennan and George Tsai

29 Benefiting from Wrongdoing 411Avia Pasternak

30 Freedom of Religion and Expression 424Larry Alexander

Part VI Philosophy of Science 439

31 Applied Philosophy of Social Science: The Case of the Social Construction of Race 441Isaac Wiegman and Ron Mallon

32 Social Constructivism in Social Science and Science Wars 455Finn Collin

33 Did Climate Change Cause That? 469Richard Corry

Part VII Aesthetics 485

34 Applied Aesthetics 487David Davies

35 Thought Experiments in Aesthetics 501Paisley Livingston and Mikael Pettersson

36 Aesthetic Value, Artistic Value, and Morality 514Andrea Sauchelli

37 The Applied Philosophy of Humor 527Noël Carroll

Part VIII Philosophy of Religion 539

38 Applied Philosophy of Religion 541C.A.J. Coady

39 Thinking about Reported Miracles 555Timothy Mcgrew

40 Religion and Neuroscience 567Monima Chadha

Part IX History of Applied Philosophy 583

41 Ancient Applied Philosophy 585Chris Megone

42 Modern Applied Philosophy: Kant on Theory and Practice 599Allen Wood

Index 612