Winner of the IENE Project Award 2016.This authoritative volume brings together some of the worlds leading researchers, academics, practitioners and transportation agency personnel to present the current status of the ecological sustainability of the linear infrastructure primarily road, rail and utility easements that dissect and fragment landscapes globally. It outlines the potential impacts, demonstrates how this infrastructure is being improved, and how broad ecological principles are applied to mitigate the impact of road networks on wildlife.

Research and monitoring is an important aspect of road ecology, encompassing all phases of a transportation project. This book covers research and monitoring to span the entire project continuum starting with planning and design, through construction and into maintenance and management. It focuses on impacts and solutions for species groups and specific regions, with particular emphasis on the unique challenges facing Asia, South America and Africa.

Other key features:

Contributions from authors originating from over 25 countries, including from all continentsEach chapter summarizes important lessons, and includes lists of further reading and thoroughly up to date referencesHighlights principles that address key points relevant to all phases in all road projectsExplains best-practices based on a number of successful international case studiesChapters are "stand-alone", but they also build upon and complement each other; extensive cross-referencing directs the reader to relevant material elsewhere in the book

Handbook of Road Ecologyoffers a comprehensive summary of approximately 30 years of global efforts to quantify the impacts of roads and traffic and implement effective mitigation. As such, it is essential reading for those involved in the planning, design, assessment and construction of new roads; the management and maintenance of existing roads; and the modifying or retrofitting of existing roads and problem locations. This handbook is an accessible resource for both developed and developing countries, including government transportation agencies, Government environmental/conservation agencies, NGOs, and road funding and donor organisations.

About the Editors:Associate Professor Rodney van der Ree has studied the impacts of human activities on biodiversity since the mid 1990s. His current focus includes urban ecology and road ecology, with a strong emphasis on improving researchand monitoring and ensuring evidence-based information contributes to the design and management of infrastructure. Rodney is currently the Deputy Director of the Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology at the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne and The University of Melbourne. He was awarded the Graeme Caughley Travelling fellowship in 2014 to promote and enhance road ecology in developing countries.Daniel Smith is a research associate and member of the graduate faculty in the Department of Biology at the University of Central Florida and a member of the National Academies Transportation Research Board Subcommittee on Ecology and Transportation. Dr. Smith has 20+ years of experience in the fields of ecology and environmental planning. His primary focus is studying movement patterns and habitat use of terrestrial vertebrates and integrating conservation, transportation and land-use planning. He received the 2014 landconservation and planning award from the Florida Wildlife Federation for his outstanding contributions to sound use and management of Floridas natural resources.Clara Grilo obtained her doctorate in Conservation Biology from the University of Lisbon (Portugal). Her primaryinterest is applied ecological research in support of active conservation projects. Over the last years, much of her research has focused on the impact of anthropogenic changes to the landscape and effects on wildlife. Currently,she is coordinating research projects on road ecology, namely the effects of roads on the abundance, spatial behavior, population genetic structure and risk of mortality on owls and mammals and the effectiveness of measures to reduce the negative effects of roads on wildlife.

Notes on Contributors ix

Foreword xxRichard T. T. Forman

Preface xxii

Acknowledgements xxiv

About the companion website xxvi

1 The ecological effects of linear infrastructure and traffic: Challenges and opportunities of rapid global growth 1Rodney van der Ree, Daniel J. Smith and Clara Grilo

2 Bad roads, good roads 10William F. Laurance

3 Why keep areas roadfree? The importance of roadless areas 16Nuria Selva, Adam Switalski, Stefan Kreft and Pierre L. Ibisch

4 Incorporating biodiversity issues into road design: The road agency perspective 27Kevin Roberts and Anders Sjölund

5 Improving environmental impact assessment and road planning at the landscape scale 32Jochen A. G. Jaeger

6 What transportation agencies need in environmental impact assessments and other reports to minimise ecological impacts 43Josie Stokes

7 Principles underpinning biodiversity offsets and guidance on their use 51Yung En Chee

8 Construction of roads and wildlife mitigation measures: Pitfalls and opportunities 60Cameron Weller

9 Ensuring the completed road project is designed, built and operated as intended 65Rodney van der Ree, Stephen Tonjes and Cameron Weller

10 Good science and experimentation are needed in road ecology 71Rodney van der Ree, Jochen A. G. Jaeger, Trina Rytwinski and Edgar A. van der Grift

11 Field methods to evaluate the impacts of roads on wildlife 82Daniel J. Smith and Rodney van der Ree

12 Case study: A robust method to obtain defendable data on wildlife mortality 96Éric Guinard, Roger Prodon and Christophe Barbraud

13 Roadwildlife mitigation planning can be improved by identifying the patterns and processes associated with wildlife-vehicle collisions 101Kari Gunson and Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira

14 Incorporating landscape genetics into road ecology 110Paul Sunnucks and Niko Balkenhol

15 Guidelines for evaluating use of wildlife crossing structures 119Edgar A. van der Grift and Rodney van der Ree

16 Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of road mitigation measures 129Edgar A. van der Grift, Rodney van der Ree and Jochen A. G. Jaeger

17 How to maintain safe and effective mitigation measures 138Rodney van der Ree and Stephen Tonjes

18 Understanding and mitigating the negative effects of road lighting on ecosystems 143Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. DeVault and Thomas W. Seamans

19 Ecological impacts of road noise and options for mitigation 151Kirsten M. Parris

20 Fencing: A valuable tool for reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and funnelling fauna to crossing structures 159Rodney van der Ree, Jeffrey W. Gagnon and Daniel J. Smith

21 Wildlife crossing structures: An effective strategy to restore or maintain wildlife connectivity across roads 172Daniel J. Smith, Rodney van der Ree and Carme Rosell

22 Recreational couse of wildlife crossing structures 184Rodney van der Ree and Edgar A. van der Grift

23 Predator-prey interactions at wildlife crossing structures: Between myth and reality 190Cristina Mata, Roberta Bencini, Brian K. Chambers and Juan E. Malo

24 Wildlife warning signs and animal detection systems aimed at reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions 198Marcel P. Huijser, Christa MoslerBerger, Mattias Olsson and Martin Strein

25 Use of reflectors and auditory deterrents to prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions 213Gino DAngelo and Rodney van der Ree

26 Ecological effects of railways on wildlife 219Benjamin Dorsey, Mattias Olsson and Lisa J. Rew

27 Impacts of utility and other industrial linear corridors on wildlife 228A. David M. Latham and Stan Boutin

28 The impacts of roads and traffic on terrestrial animal populations 237Trina Rytwinski and Lenore Fahrig

29 Insects, snails and spiders: The role of invertebrates in road ecology 247Heinrich Reck and Rodney van der Ree

30 Case study: Protecting Christmas Islands iconic red crabs from vehicles 258Rob Muller and Mike Misso

31 Making a safe leap forward: Mitigating road impacts on amphibians 261Andrew J. Hamer, Thomas E. S. Langton and David Lesbarrères

32 Reptiles: Overlooked but often at risk from roads 271Kimberly M. Andrews, Tom A. Langen and Richard P. J. H. Struijk

33 Flight doesnt solve everything: Mitigation of road impacts on birds 281Angela Kociolek, Clara Grilo and Sandra Jacobson

34 Bats and roads 290Isobel M. Abbott, Anna Berthinussen, Emma Stone, Martijn Boonman, Markus Melber and John Altringham

35 Carnivores: Struggling for survival in roaded landscapes 300Clara Grilo, Daniel J. Smith and Nina Klar

36 Case study: Roads and jaguars in the Mayan forests 313Eugenia Pallares, Carlos Manterola, Dalia A. Conde and Fernando Colchero

37 Case study: Finding the middle road grounded approaches to mitigate highway impacts in tiger reserves 317Sanjay Gubbi AND H.C. Poornesha

38 Case study: African wild dogs and the fragmentation menace 322Brendan WhittingtonJones and Harriet DaviesMostert

39 Roads, traffic and verges: Big problems and big opportunities for small mammals 325Fernando Ascensão, Scott LaPoint and Rodney van der Ree

40 Reducing road impacts on treedwelling animals 334Kylie Soanes and Rodney van der Ree

41 Case study: Canopy bridges for primate conservation 341Andrea Donaldson and Pamela Cunneyworth

42 Transportation and large herbivores 344Patricia Cramer, Mattias Olsson, Michelle E. Gadd, Rodney van der Ree and Leonard E. Sielecki

43 Case study: The Mount Kenya elephant corridor and underpass 353Susie Weeks

44 Form and function: A more natural approach to infrastructure, fish and stream habitats 357Paul J. Wagner

45 Solutions to the impacts of roads and other barriers on fish and fish habitat 364Fabrice Ottburg and Matt Blank

46 The function and management of roadside vegetation 373Suzanne J. Milton, W. Richard J. Dean, Leonard E. Sielecki and Rodney van der Ree

47 Roads in the arid lands: Issues, challenges and potential solutions 382Enhua Lee, David B. Croft and Tamar AchironFrumkin

48 Road ecology in an urbanising world 391Darryl Jones, Hans Bekker and Rodney van der Ree

49 Tropical ecosystem vulnerability and climatic conditions: Particular challenges for road planning, construction and maintenance 397Miriam Goosem

50 The influence of economics, politics and environment on road ecology in South America 407Alex Bager, Carlos E. Borghi and Helio Secco

51 Highway construction as a force in the destruction of the Amazon forest 414Philip M. Fearnside

52 Road ecology in South India: Issues and mitigation opportunities 425K. S. Seshadri and T. Ganesh

53 Planning roads through sensitive Asian landscapes: Regulatory issues, ecological implications and challenges for decisionmaking 430Asha Rajvanshi and Vinod B. Mathur

54 Setjhaba SA, South Afrika: A South African perspective of an emerging transport infrastructure 439Wendy Collinson, Dan Parker, Claire PattersonAbrolat, Graham Alexander and Harriet DaviesMostert

55 Unfenced reserves, unparalleled biodiversity and a rapidly changing landscape: Roadways and wildlife in East Africa 448Clinton W. Epps, Katarzyna Nowak , and Benezeth Mutayoba

56 Expected effects of a road across the Serengeti 455Michelle E. Gadd

57 China: Building and managing a massive road and rail network and protecting our rich biodiversity 465Yun Wang, Yaping Kong and Jiding Chen

58 Railways, roads and fences across Kazakhstan and Mongolia threaten the survival of wideranging wildlife 472Kirk A. Olson and Rodney van der Ree

59 Bestpractice guidelines and manuals 479Marguerite Trocmé

60 Case study: The role of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and advocates in reducing the impacts of roads on wildlife 485Patricia White

61 Case study: Building a community of practice for road ecology 488Paul J. Wagner and Andreas Seiler

62 Wildlife/roadkill observation and reporting systems 492Fraser Shilling, Sarah E. Perkins and Wendy Collinson

Glossary 502

Species 509

Index 513