Science and innovation have the power to transform our lives and the world we live in - for better or worse in ways that often transcend borders and generations: from the innovation of complex financial products that played such an important role in the recent financial crisis to current proposals to intentionally engineer our Earths climate. The promise of science and innovation brings with it ethical dilemmas and impacts which are often uncertain and unpredictable: it is often only once these have emerged that we feel able to control them. How do we undertake science and innovation responsibly under such conditions, towards not only socially acceptable, but socially desirable goals and in a way that is democratic, equitable and sustainable? Responsible innovation challenges us all to think about our responsibilities for the future, as scientists, innovators and citizens, and to act upon these.
This book begins with a description of the current landscape of innovation and in subsequent chapters offers perspectives on the emerging concept of responsible innovation and its historical foundations, including key elements of a responsible innovation approach and examples of practical implementation.
Written in a constructive and accessible way,Responsible Innovation includes chapters on:
Innovation and its management in the 21st centuryA vision and framework for responsible innovationConcepts of future-oriented responsibility as an underpinning philosophyValues sensitive designKey themes of anticipation, reflection, deliberation and responsivenessMulti level governance and regulationPerspectives on responsible innovation in finance, ICT, geoengineering and nanotechnology
Essentially multidisciplinary in nature, this landmark text combines research from the fields of science and technology studies, philosophy, innovation governance, business studies and beyond to address the question, How do we ensure the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society?
Foreword: Why Responsible Innovation? xi
Jack StilgoePreface xvii
List of Contributors xxiii
1. Innovation in the Twenty-First Century 1John Bessant
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 How Can We Innovate? Innovation as a Process 3
1.3 Where Could We Innovate? Innovation Strategy 4
1.4 Reframing Innovation 5
1.5 Reframing Challenges for Twenty-First Century Innovation 9
1.5.1 The Spaghetti Challenge 9
1.5.2 The Sappho Challenge Bringing Stakeholders into the Frame 14
1.5.3 The Sustainability Challenge Innovation for Sustainable Development 17
1.6 Emergent Properties of the New Innovation Environment 21
2. A Framework for Responsible Innovation 27Richard Owen, Jack Stilgoe, Phil Macnaghten, Mike Gorman, Erik Fisher, and Dave Guston
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Context: the Imperative for Responsible Innovation 30
2.2.1 Re-evaluating the Social Contract for Science and Innovation 30
2.2.2 The Responsibility Gap 31
2.2.3 The Dilemma of Control 33
2.2.4 Products and Purposes: the Democratic Governance of Intent 34
2.3 Locating Responsible Innovation within Prospective Dimensions of Responsibility 35
2.4 Four Dimensions of Responsible Innovation 38
2.5 Responsible Innovation: from Principles to Practice 39
2.5.1 Some Experiments in Responsible Innovation 40
2.6 Toward the Future: Building Capacity for Responsible Innovation 44
3. A Vision of Responsible Research and Innovation 51René von Schomberg
3.1 Introduction: Technical Inventions, Innovation, and Responsibility 52
3.2 Responsible Research and Innovation and the Quest for the Right Impacts of Research 54
3.3 Defining the Right Impacts and Outcomes of Research 56
3.4 From Normative Anchor Points Toward the Defining of Grand Challenges and the Direction of Innovation 58
3.5 Responsible Research and Innovation: Organizing Collective Responsibility 59
3.5.1 Some Examples of Irresponsible Innovation 60
3.6 A Framework for Responsible Research and Innovation 63
3.6.1 Use of Technology Assessment and Technology Foresight 65
3.6.2 Application of Precautionary Principle 67
3.6.3 Innovation Governance 67
3.7 Outlook 71
4. Value Sensitive Design and Responsible Innovation 75Jeroen van den Hoven
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Innovation and Moral Overload 77
4.3 Values and Design 78
4.4 Responsible Innovation 80
5. Responsible Innovation Opening Up Dialogue and Debate 85Kathy Sykes and Phil Macnaghten
5.1 A Short History of Controversies about Science and Technology 85
5.2 The Evolution of Public Engagement 87
5.3 The Case of Genetically Modified Foods in the UK 90
5.4 Sciencewise and the Institutional Embedding of Public Engagement in the UK 92
5.5 Motivations for Public Dialogue 94
5.6 The Claims for Public Dialogue 97
5.7 How (and When) Can Debate and Dialogue Be Opened Up? 99
5.8 The Substance of Public Concerns and Their Implications for Governance 102
5.9 Concluding Remarks 104
6. Daddy, Can I Have a Puddle Gator?: Creativity, Anticipation, and Responsible Innovation 109David H. Guston
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Understanding Anticipation 111
6.3 The Politics of Novelty 112
6.4 The Challenge of Speculative Ethics 114
6.5 Conclusion 116
7. What Is Responsible about Responsible Innovation? Understanding the Ethical Issues 119Alexei Grinbaum and Christopher Groves
7.1 Introduction 119
7.2 The Changing Meaning of Responsibility 120
7.2.1 From the Divine Corporation to the Sovereign Individual 120
7.2.2 Knowledge, Uncertainty, and Human Finitude 123
7.2.3 Reciprocal and Non-Reciprocal Responsibility 126
7.3 Beyond the Sovereign Individual: Collective Responsibility, Desire, and Cultural Narratives 128
7.3.1 Passion Sits Alongside Reason 128
7.3.2 Non-Consequentialist Individual Responsibility 130
7.3.3 Collective Political Responsibility 132
7.3.4 The Virtues of Responsible Innovation 134
7.3.5 Narratives Take over Where CostBenefit Analysis Fails 135
7.4 Conclusion: Responsibility and Meaning 139
8. Adaptive Governance for Responsible Innovation 143Robert G. Lee and JudithPetts
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Risk and Adaptive Governance 145
8.3 Responsibility and Accountability 147
8.4 The Rationale for Regulation 150
8.5 Risk Regulation and Accountability for Product Safety 151
8.6 The Adaptation of Risk Regulation 154
8.7 Adaptive Innovation Governance: Limits and Needs 158
8.8 Conclusion 160
9. Responsible Innovation: Multi-Level Dynamics and Soft Intervention Practices 165Erik Fisher and Arie Rip
9.1 Introduction 165
9.2 Discourse and Activities at Different Levels of Governance 166
9.2.1 International and Bi-Lateral Meetings 167
9.2.2 Legislative Initiatives 168
9.2.3 Research Funding Agencies 169
9.2.4 Intermediary Organizations and Consortia 171
9.2.5 Concrete Activities 172
9.3 Two Cases of Soft Intervention 173
9.3.1 STIRing the Capacities of Science and Innovation Practitioners 173
9.3.2 Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) of Newly Emerging Science and Technology 175
9.4 Concluding Observations on Governance 177
10. Responsible Innovation in Finance: Directions and Implications 185Fabian Muniesa and Marc Lenglet
10.1 Introduction 185
10.2 Perspectives on Responsible Innovation in Finance 187
10.2.1 Perspective on Function 187
10.2.2 Perspective on Moral Rules 188
10.2.3 Perspective on Internalized Values 188
10.2.4 Perspective on Aggregate Consequences 189
10.2.5 Perspective on Accountability 189
10.2.6 Perspective on Precaution 190
10.2.7 Perspective on Democracy 191
10.3 Some Directions for Further Reflection 191
10.4 Conclusion 194
11. Responsible Research and Innovation in Information and Communication Technology: Identifying and Engaging with the Ethical Implications of ICTs 199Bernd Carsten Stahl, Grace Eden, and Marina Jirotka
11.1 Introduction 199
11.2 Conceptualizing Responsibility and Responsible Research and Innovation in ICT 200
11.2.1 Responsibility as a Social Ascription 200
11.2.2 Responsible Research and Innovation as Meta-Responsibility 201
11.2.3 Responsible Research and Innovation: the Four Ps 202
11.3 Building a Framework for RRI in ICT 203
11.3.1 Product: ICTs and Their Ethical Implications 203
11.3.2 People: Landscape of ICT Ethics 208
11.3.3 Process: Governance of RRI in ICT 212
11.4 Critical Reflections 214
11.4.1 The Meta-Responsibilities of RRI 214
11.4.2 Further Research 215
12. Deliberation and Responsible Innovation: a Geoengineering Case Study 219Karen Parkhill, Nick Pidgeon, Adam Corner, and Naomi Vaughan
12.1 Introduction 219
12.2 Public Perceptions of Geoengineering 222
12.3 Exploring Public Perceptions of Geoengineering: an Empirical Study 223
12.3.1 Context 223
12.3.2 Method: Deliberating SPICE 224
12.3.3 Analysis 225
12.4 Public Perceptions of Geoengineering through the Lens of Responsible Innovation 226
12.4.1 Intentions 226
12.4.2 Responsibility 229
12.4.3 Impacts 231
12.4.4 The Role of the Public 232
12.5 Conclusion: Geoengineering Responsible Innovation? 234
13. Visions, Hype, and Expectations: a Place for Responsibility 241Elena Simakova and Christopher Coenen
13.1 Introduction 241
13.2 The Repertoires of Nano Futures 243
13.3 Narratives of Responsibility 253
13.3.1 Narrative 1: Nanofutures, Boundary Work and Technology Assessment Activities in the US and Germany 253
13.3.2 Narrative 2: Responsibility as Knowledge and Technology Transfer in the United States 256
13.4 Narratives, Visions and Conflicts: Lessons for RRI? 259
Endnotes: Building Capacity for Responsible Innovation 269Jonny Hankins
Building Capacity for Responsible Innovation: Awareness and Engagement 271
Less Stick and More Carrot: Building Capacity through Education 272
Index 275
