Climate change adaptation is increasingly recognized as complementary part to climate change mitigation.  Climate change affects sea level, the extent of flood prone areas and precipitation patterns among many others. To adapt to these changes, the tasks of municipalities and cities are to implement policies and strategies for changes in land use and coastal management as part of their future development.  It is of vital importance to address the uncertainties of climate change scenarios when proposing adaptation measures that are socially viable and economically reasonable.  The decision making process, promoted here, is based on scientific excellence as well on an integrated communication process.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of key elements required for effective analysis and assessment of climate change impacts, economic cost-benefit analysis, communication processes and creation and transfer of knowledge, governance issues and implementation of related policies. It describes the results achieved by the BaltCICA (www.baltcica.org) project whose contributors come from the scientific and public administration communities. The regional cooperation has led to the implementation of climate change adaptation in several case studies. The BaltCICA project developed concepts, methodologies and tools for climate change adaptation that can be translated across other global regions.

Scientists and students working on the development of climate change and adaptation strategies;  public administrators in the related fields on local, regional and state level including environment, water management, civil defense; as well as professionals working with adaptation technologies, including engineering, technological solutions, urban planning agencies and construction, will value this innovative book.

List of Contributors vii

About the Editors xi

1 Communicating Climate Change Adaptation: From Strategy Development to Implementation 1Philipp Schmidt-Thomé, Johannes Klein, Anika Nockert, Larissa Donges, and Inga Haller

2 Participatory Climate Change Adaptation in Kalundborg, Denmark 11B. Bedsted and S. Gram

3 Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: Calculating Costs and Benefits for the Case Study Kalundborg, Denmark 25Markus Boettle, Diego Rybski, and Jürgen P. Kropp

4 Coastal Protection and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: Didactically Processed Examples 35Markus Boettle, Philipp Schmidt-Thomé, and Diego Rybski

5 Preparing for Climate Change: Planning Adaptation to Climate change in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland 51Ruusu Tuusa, Susanna Kankaanpää, Jari Viinanen, Tiia Yrjölä, and Sirkku Juhola

6 Adaptation to Floods in Riga, Latvia: Historical Experience and Change of Approaches 65Laila Kûle, Agrita Briede, Mâris Kavi¨, Guntis Eberhards, and Andris Locmanis

7 Climate Adaptation in Metropolis Hamburg: Paradigm Shift in Urban Planning and Water Management towards Living with Water? 83Joerg Knieling and Mareike Fellmer

8 Climate Change Adaptation Policy in Bergen: Ideals and Realities 95O. Langeland, J.E. Klausen, and M. Winsvold

9 Adaptation to Climate Change in the Smeltalë River Basin, Lithuania 111Egidijus Rimkus, Justas Kaþys, Edvinas Stonevièius, and Gintaras Valiu¨kevièius

10 The Geological Structure of Pyynikinharju Esker and the Local Effects of Climate Change 123Jussi Ahonen, Tuire Valjus, and Ulla Tiilikainen

11 Climate Change and Groundwater: Impacts and Adaptation in Shallow Coastal Aquifer in Hanko, South Finland 137Samrit Luoma, Johannes Klien, and Birgitta Backman

12 Climate Change and Groundwater From Modelling to some Adaptation Means in Example of Klaipëda Region, Lithuania 157Jurga Arustienë, Jurgita Kriukaitë, Jonas Satkûnas, and Marius Gregorauskas

13 Climate Change A New Opportunity for Mussel Farming in the Southern Baltic? 171Anna-Marie Klamt and Gerald Schernewski

14 Impacts of Sea Level change to the West Estonian Coastal Zone towards the End of the 21st Century 185Valter Petersell, Sten Suuroja, Tarmo All, and Mihkel Shtokalenko

15 Geodynamical Conditions of the Karklë Beach (Lithuania) and Adaptation to Sea Level Change 205Jonas Satkûnas, Darius Jarmalavièius, Aldona Damu¨yte, and Gintautas Þilinskas

16 Consequences of Climate Change and Environmental Policy for Macroalgae Accumulations on Beaches along the German Baltic Coastline 215Matthias Mossbauer, Sven Dahlke, René Friedland, and Gerald Schernewski

17 Climate Change Impacts on Baltic Coastal Tourism and the Complexity of Sectoral Adaptation 225Christian Filies and Susanne Schumacher

18 Tourists Perception of Coastal Changes A Contribution to the Assessment of Regional Adaptation Strategies? 239Larissa Donges, Inga Haller, and Gerald Schernewski

19 Experiences in Adapting to Climate Change and Climate Risks in Spain 253Jorge Olcina Cantos

20 Developing Adaptation Policies in the Agriculture Sector: Indonesias Experience 269Daisuke Sano, S.V.R.K. Prabhakar, Kiki Kartikasari, and Doddy Juli Irawan

21 Climate Refugee Is Not a Hoax. But We can Avoid it. Empirical Evidence from the Bangladesh Coast 283M. Mustafa Saroar and Jayant K. Routray

22 Promoting Risk Insurance in the Asia-Pacific Region: Lessons from the Ground for the Future Climate Regime under UNFCCC 303S.V.R.K. Prabhakar, Gattineni Srinivasa Rao, Koji Fukuda, and Shinano Hayashi

Index 325