Preface to the First Edition xv
Preface to the Second Edition xvi
The Noun 1
Gender
1 First and second declensions [302, 34] 1
2 Soft-sign nouns [33] 2
3 Common gender [35] 2
4 Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin [36] 2
5 Differentiation of gender through suffixes. Professions [434] 3
6 Animals [45] 4
Declension
7 Animacy [47] 4
8 Nouns which have a plural form only [49] 5
9 First declension: masculine nouns [502] 5
10 Partitive genitive in-/- [53] 6
11 Prepositional/locative singular in-ý/- [54] 7
12 Special masculine plural forms [55] 7
13 First declension: neuter nouns in-o [58] 8
14 First declension: nouns in-e, -, -, - [59] 9
15 Second declension: nouns in-/- [61] 9
16 Third declension: soft-sign feminine nouns [63] 11
17 Declension of neuter nouns in- [64] 12
18 Declension of nouns in-/- [65] 12
19é and [68] 12
20 Declension of first names/surnames [6970] 13
21 Apposition in the names of publications, towns etc. [72] 13
22 Agreement of,ó etc. [75] 14
Case Usage
23 The nominative [77] 14
24 The accusative [79] 15
25 The genitive [802] 15
26 The partitive genitive [834] 16
27 Genitive and negative [86] 17
28 Genitive and accusative after negated verbs [87] 17
29 Verbs that take the genitive [88] 18
30 The dative as indirect object of a verb [89] 21
31 Verbs that take the dative [90] 21
32 Impersonal constructions using the dative [92] 22
33 The instrumental of function [94] 23
34 The instrumental in passive constructions [96] 23
35 Verbs that take the instrumental [99] 24
36 The instrumental of dimension [101] 24
37 The instrumental as predicate [102] 25
38 Nouns in apposition [103] 26
Revision exercises: case usage 26
The Pronoun 31
39 Personal pronouns [110] 31
40 The pronoun [113] 32
41 The pronouns and [115] 32
42 The third-person pronouns (,á,ó, ) [116] 33
43 The Reflexive pronoun [117] 33
44 The possessive pronouns,,, [118] 34
45 The possessive pronounsó,, [119] 34
46 The Reflexive possessive pronoun, ,, [120] 35
47,,ó,ó, as interrogative pronouns [1212] 35
48ó,, and as relative pronouns [123] 36
49 The demonstrative pronouns and [1256] 38
50 andá [131] 38
51,é,B,á,ó [132] 39
52ó [134] 39
53ó [135] 40
54ó andé [136] 41
55 The potential negative pronounsé,é [137] 41
56 Indefinite pronouns with the particles-,- [138] 42
57é [141] 44
58 Other parts of speech which can also function as pronouns [143] 44
The Adjective 45
The Long Form of the Adjective
59 Mixed declension [146] 45
60 Soft-ending adjectives [147] 45
61 Formation of adjectives from nouns: the suffixes--,--and-o-/-e- [148] 46
62 Attributive use of the long adjective [155] 46
63 Use of the long adjective with predicative meaning [156] 48
Revision exercises: declension of adjectives 48
The Short Form of the Adjective
64 Endings of the short form of the adjective [159] 50
65 The mobile vowels--,-o- and-- in the masculine short form [161] 50
66 Some special short forms [162] 50
67 Short forms: pairs of opposites [168] 51
68 Adjectives of dimension [169] 51
69 Delimitation of meaning by the oblique case of a noun or pronoun [170] 52
70 Delimitation of meaning by a prepositional phrase [171] 53
Revision exercises: short-form and long-form adjectives 53
The Comparative Degree of the Adjective
71 The attributive comparative withó [177] 55
72 One-word attributive comparatives [178] 56
73 Predicative comparative forms in- [179] 56
74 Comparative short forms in-e in predicative meaning [1801] 57
75 Constructions with the comparative [182] 58
76 Other functions of the short-form comparative [184] 59
The Superlative Degree of the Adjective
77 The superlative degree withá [185] 60
78 bI and [186] 60
The Numeral 61
Cardinal, Collective and Indefinite Numerals
79 The cardinal numeral [190] 61
80 Declension of cardinal numerals [191] 62
81 The numeral,á,ó, [193] 62
82á/bI,/,,H,ó/ó [194] 63
83 Numerals five and above [195] 64
84 Agreement of oblique cases of numeralsá/bI to 999 with oblique plural forms of nouns [196] 65
85 Declension of compound numerals [198] 66
86 Collective numerals [200] 67
87 Indefinite numerals [201] 68
88 Agreement of the predicate with a subject that contains a numeral [202] 69
Ordinal Numerals
89 Formation of ordinal numerals. Usage [2034] 70
Special Functions of Numerals
90 Telling the time [206] 71
91 Giving the date [207] 73
92 Numerals in compound nouns and adjectives [211] 74
The Verb 75
Conjugation
93 First-conjugation verbs with stems ending in a vowel [215] 75
94 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems I [216] 77
95 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems II: verbs in- with consonant mutation throughout conjugation [217] 78
96 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems III: verbs in-,-/-,- [218] 79
97 Present-future endings in the second conjugation [2201] 81
98 Consonant change in the conjugation of second-conjugation verbs [222] 82
Revision exercises: conjugation of verbs 82
99 The verb to be [226] 84
100 Formation of and stress in the imperative [2278] 85
Revision exercise: imperative mood 86
101 Formation of the past tense [2301] 86
102 The mobile vowel -o-in conjugation [234] 89
Aspect
103 Introductory [235]. Formation of the perfective by prefixation [239].Submeanings of perfectives [242] 89
104 The formation of imperfectives from prefixed first-conjugation verbs [244] 91
105 Secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [246] 91
106 Consonant mutation in secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [247] 91
107 Secondary imperfectives based on monosyllabic verbs [248] 92
108 The differentiation of aspects by conjugation. Aspectival pairs with different roots. Verbs which are reflexive in the imperfective aspect only [2502] 92
109 Compounds of - [253] 94
110 Meanings of verbal prefixes [254] 94
111 The imperfective and perfective aspects [255] 95
112 Aspect in the present tense [256] 97
113 Aspect in the past tense [257] 98
114 Use of the imperfective past to denote an action and its reverse [259] 99
115 Use of the imperfective past to denote a forthcoming event [261] 100
116 Negated verbs in the past [262] 100
117 Aspect in the future [263] 101
118 The logical future [264] 102
119 The future in reported speech [265] 102
120 Use of the future to express repeated actions [266] 103
121 Use of the imperative in the context of a single action [270] 103
122 Use of the imperative to exhort and invite [271] 104
123 Negative commands/warnings [273] 104
124 Aspect in the infinitive. Introductory [276] 105
125 Use of the infinitive to denote habitual actions [277] 105
126 Use of the imperfective infinitive after verbs of beginning, continuing and concluding [278] 106
127 Inadvisable and advisable actions [279] 106
128 A request to perform/not to perform an action [280] 107
Revision exercises: aspect 108
Reflexive Verbs
129 Reflexive verbs. The true Reflexive [2845] 110
130 Intransitive Reflexives [287] 111
131 Reflexive verbs with passive meaning [288] 112
132 Reciprocal meanings [289] 112
The Passive Voice
133 The passive voice [3003] 113
The Conditional and Subjunctive Moods
134 The conditional mood [3045] 114
135 Use of the subjunctive to express wish or desire [308] 115
136 The subjunctive of purposeful endeavour [309] 116
137 Purpose clauses [310] 117
138 The expression of hypothesis [311] 117
139 Concessive constructions [312] 118
Constructions Expressing Obligation, Necessity, Possibility or Potential
140 The expression of obligation and necessity [313] 119
141 The expression of possibility or potential [314] 120
Verbs of Motion
142 Unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion. Conjugation [31516] 121
143 Imperatives and past tense of verbs of motion [31718] 121
144 To go:/ andé/é [319] 122
145 Functions of unidirectional verbs of motion [3 20] 122
146 Unidirectional verbs in frequentative contexts [321] 123
147 Functions of multidirectional verbs of motion [322] 123
148 Use of the past tense of a multidirectional verb to denote a single return journey. Perfectives of unidirectional verbs [323/326] 124
149 The verbs,;,;,. Translation of to drive [3245] 125
150 Perfectives of multidirectional verbs [329] 126
151 Compound verbs of motion [331] 126
152 Prefixed verbs of motion [332/334] 128
153 Spelling rules in the formation of compound verbs of motion [333] 129
154 Use of the imperfective past of a compound verb of motion to denote an action and its reverse [335] 129
155 Figurative and idiomatic uses of compound verbs of motion [336] 130
156 Perfectives in c- based on multidirectional verbs [337] 130
Participles
157 Present active participle. Formation and stress [3401] 131
158 The past active participle. Formation and stress [3423] 132
159 The imperfective passive participle. Formation and stress [3447] 133
160 Formation of the perfective passive participle from infinitives in-/- [349] 134
161 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from verbs in -/- [351] 135
162 Formation of the short-form participle from second-conjugation verbs in-/- [352] 135
163 Consonant mutation in participles from second-conjugation infinitives in-/- [353] 136
164 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from second-conjugation verbs in-/- [354] 137
165 Formation of perfective passive participles (short form) from verbs in-,-,-,- [355] 138
166 Long-form participles from verbs in-,-,-,- [356] 139
167 Perfective passive participles in- [357] 140
168 The long form of participles in- [358] 140
169 Functions of short-form participles [359] 140
170 Functions of long-form participles [360] 141
171 Agreement of long-form participle and noun [361] 143
172 Text on participles [33966] 145
Gerunds
173 Formation of/stress in the imperfective gerund. Lack of an imperfective gerund [36871] 146
174 Formation of the perfective gerund [3726] 147
175 Functions of the gerunds [377] 148
176 Special features of constructions with gerunds [378] 149
The Adverb 150
177 Adverbs derived from adjectives/nouns [3823] 150
178 Adverbs derived from pronouns [386] 151
179 Primary spatial adverbs [387] 152
180 Primary adverbs of time [388] 152
181,, [38990] 153
182 The temporal adverbsó,ó andá [391] 153
183ó,á [394] 154
184 Indefinite adverbs (adverbs in- and-) [395] 154
185 The negative adverbsé,á,ý,á,á,ó [396] 155
186 The negative adverbsé,é,é,é,é [397] 156
187 Comparative adverbs [398] 156
188 The superlative adverb [400] 157
The Preposition 158
189 The prepositions// [402] 158
190 The mobile vowel- [404] 158
Spatial Prepositions
191 and + prepositional/accusative,/ + genitive [408] 159
192 The use of and with geographical terminology and the names of organizations, buildings and parts of buildings [409] 160
193 Nouns which may be used with and, but with different meanings [410] 162
194 Accusative of destination and genitive of withdrawal [411] 164
195 Uses of when the dependent noun denotes an activity, event [412] 165
196 and: extension of the spatial meanings [413] 165
Prepositions that Denote the Position of an Object in Relation to another Object
197a + instrumental/accusative,- + genitive [414] 165
198 + instrumental, + genitive [416] 166
199 + instrumental/accusative,-+ genitive [417] 166
200 + instrumental,é + genitive [418] 167
Prepositions that Denote Spatial Closeness to an Object, Movement towards or Away from an Object
201 + genitive, + dative, + genitive [420] 168
Prepositions that Denote Along, Across, Through a Spatial Area
202 + dative;,ò + accusative;,
ò + genitive [424] 169
Temporal Prepositions
203 Telling the time [426] 170
204 Days [427] 171
205 Parts of a day [428] 172
206 Weeks, months, years and centuries [429] 172
207 é, é [430] 173
The Use of Prepositions to Denote Action in Relation to Various Time Limits
208 The use of + genitive, + genitive to denote terminal points in time [434] 174
209 Use of + dative and[+ accusative to denote temporal approach [435] 174
210 Use of/ + accusative to denote the time taken to complete an action. Use of + accusative to denote the period during which an action occurs a stated number of times [4367] 175
211 Use of prepositions to denote sequence in time (before, after etc.) [439] 176
Other Meanings
212 Prepositions with causal meaning [443] 177
213 Prepositions that denote the object of feelings and attitudes [444] 178
214 Prepositions that denote extent [445] 178
215 Prepositions that denote purpose [446] 179
216 + dative/accusative in distributive meaning [448] 179
Other Important Meanings Expressed by Prepositions
217 Prepositions that take the accusative [449] 179
218 Prepositions that take the genitive [450] 181
219 Prepositions that take the dative, instrumental or prepositional [4513] 183
The Conjunction 185
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
220 Connective and adversative conjunctions [4556] 185
221 Disjunctive conjunctions [457] 186
Subordinating Conjunctions
222 Explanatory conjunctions [458] 187
223 Conjunctions of purpose [460] 187
224 Temporal conjunctions. Introductory and those which render before, after, until, since [4656] 188
225 Other conjunctions of time [467] 189
The Particle 191
226 Almost, only [471] 191
227 Modal functions of particles [472] 192
Word Order 194
228 New and given information [476] 194
229 Relative position of subject and verb [477] 195
230 Subject, verb, object [478] 196
231 The position of the adverb [480] 198
232 Sentences that contain more than one adverb or adverbial phrase [481] 199
Grammar Quiz 200
Key 202
