Due to the rise in petroleum prices as well as increasing environmental concerns, there is a need to develop biochemicals and bioproducts that offer realistic alternatives to their traditional counterparts; this book will address the lack of a centralized resource of information on lubricants and greases from renewable sources, and will be useful to a wide audience in industry and academia. It is based on 20 years of research and development at the UNI-NABL Center, and discusses the various types of vegetable oils available, comparing their characteristics, properties and benefits against those of typical petroleum oils as well as discussing common evaluation tests and giving examples and case studies of successful applications of biobased lubricants and greases. Whilst scientific and engineering research data is included, the book is written in an accessible manner and is illustrated throughout.
Focuses on an industrial application of lubrication technology undergoing current explosive growth in the global market.Includes a detailed review of the material benefits of plant-based lubricants that include a better viscosity index and lubricity even at extreme temperatures, lower flammability due to higher flash points and lower pour points.Covers the basic chemistry of vegetable oils as well as their profiles for use in lubricants and greases and environmental benefits.Includes examples and case studies of where vegetable-based lubricants have been successfully employed in industry applications.
About the Authors.
Preface.
Series Preface.
Acknowledgements.
Summary.
Introduction.
1 Historical Development of Vegetable Oil-based Lubricants.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Pioneering Industrial Uses of Vegetable Oils.
1.3 Petroleum.
2 Chemistry of Lubricants.
2.1 The Nature of the Carbon Atom.
2.2 Carbon and Hydrocarbons.
2.2.1 Pointers for Non-Chemists on Vegetable oil and General Chemistry.
3 Petroleum-based Lubricants.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Basic Chemistry of Crude Oils.
3.2.1 The Paraffinic Oils.
3.2.2 The Naphthenic Oils.
3.2.3 The Aromatic Oils.
4 Plant Oils.
4.1 Chemistry of Vegetable Oils Relating to Lubricants.
4.2 Triglycerides.
4.3 Properties of Vegetable Oils.
4.4 Vegetable Oil Processing.
4.4.1 Degumming.
4.4.2 Bleaching.
4.4.3 Refining.
4.4.4 Deodorizing.
4.4.5 Interesterification.
4.5 Oxidation.
4.5.1 Reducing Oxidation.
4.5.2 Hydrogenation.
4.6 Winterization.
4.7 Chemical Refining.
4.8 Conventional Crop Oils.
4.8.1 Soybean.
4.8.2 Palm Oil.
4.8.3 Rapeseed.
4.8.4 Sunflower Oil.
4.8.5 Corn.
4.8.6 Safflower.
5 Synthetic Based Lubricants: Petroleum-Derived and Vegetable Oil-Derived.
5.1 Esters.
5.2 Esters for Biofuels.
5.3 Complex Esters.
5.4 Estolides.
5.5 Other Chemical Modifications.
5.5.1 Metathesis.
5.5.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Fatty Acids.
6 Genetic Modification and Industrial Crops.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Industrial Crops.
6.2.1 Camelina.
6.2.2 Babassu.
6.2.3 Cuphea.
6.2.4 Castor.
6.2.5 Rice Bran.
6.2.6 Jatropha.
6.2.7 Neem.
6.2.8 Karanja (Pongam).
6.2.9 Poppy.
6.2.10 Sesame.
6.2.11 Jojoba.
6.2.12 Coconut.
6.2.13 Lesquerella.
6.2.14 Hemp.
6.2.15 Flaxseed oil.
6.2.16 Safflower.
6.3 Future and Industrial Crops.
7 Biobased Lubricants Technology.
7.1 Determination of Oxidation Stability.
7.1.1 Active Oxygen Method (AOCS Method Cd 12-57).
7.1.2 Peroxide Value (AOCS Method 8b-90).
7.1.3 Oil Stability Instrument (AOCS Method Cd 1 2b-92).
7.1.4 Rancimat.
7.1.5 Viscosity Change as a Measure of Oxidation.
7.2 Applications.
7.3 Petroleum White Oils and Food Grade Lubricants.
8 Performance Properties of Industrial Lubricants.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Common Performance Requirements.
8.2.1 Viscosity.
8.2.2 Flash and Fire Points.
8.2.3 Boiling Range.
8.2.4 Volatility.
8.2.5 Cold Temperature Properties.
8.2.6 Density.
8.2.7 Foaming Properties.
8.2.8 Copper Strip Corrosion.
8.2.9 Copper Strip Corrosion Test.
8.2.10 Rust Prevention.
8.2.11 Test Purpose.
8.2.12 Neutralization Number.
8.2.13 Solubility.
8.2.14 Aniline Point.
8.3 Heat Transfer Properties.
8.4 Dielectric Properties.
8.5 Fluid Quality.
8.6 Fluid Compatibility.
8.7 Hydrostatic Stability.
8.8 Demulsibility.
8.9 Oxidation Stability.
8.10 Oxidation Stability for Mineral Oils.
8.10.1 Aromatic Content of Mineral Oils.
8.11 Elemental Analysis.
8.12 Cleanliness.
8.13 Storage and Shipping Temperatures.
8.14 Tribological Performance of Biobased Lubricants.
8.14.1 Four Ball Wear Test: ASTM D 4172.
8.14.2 Four Ball Extreme Pressure Test.
8.14.3 Timken O.K. Load Test ASTM D 2509.
8.14.4 FZG Rating.
8.15 Metalworking Fluids.
8.16 Biobased Engine Oils.
8.16.1 Stationary Diesel Engines for CORS.
8.16.2 Test Results.
9 Biobased and Petroleum-Based Greases.
9.1 How to Make Soap.
9.2 Basic Process for Manufacturing Grease.
9.2.1 Simple (Soap-Based) Greases.
9.2.2 Complex (SoapSalt) based Greases.
9.2.3 Non-Soap-Based Greases.
9.2.4 Preformed Soaps.
9.2.5 Preformed Dehydrated Soap for Biobased Greases.
9.2.6 Microparticle Dispersion of Lithium Hydroxide.
9.2.7 Polymer-thickened Greases Using Bio-based Base Oil.
9.3 Continuous Grease Manufacturing Process.
9.4 Use of High Pressure-High, Shear Reaction Chambers (Contactor).
9.5 Vegetable Oil-based Greases.
9.5.1 Alternative Heating Methods.
9.5.2 Heating Method and Impact on Oxidation Stability.
9.6 Grease Consistency.
9.7 Grease Specifications.
9.7.1 ASTM D4950 Specification.
9.7.2 Service Category "L" Chassis (and Universal Joint) Grease.
9.7.3 Service Category "G" Wheel Bearing Grease.
9.7.4 Multi-purpose Category.
9.7.5 Dropping Point.
9.7.6 Water Washout.
9.7.7 Water Spray-Off.
9.7.8 Bearing Oxidation Test.
9.7.9 Grease Cleanliness and Noise.
9.7.10 Grease Mobility Test.
9.7.11 Evaporation.
9.7.12 Oxidation Stability for Storage of Biobased Greases.
9.7.13 Oxidation Stability in Service.
9.8 Friction and Wear Tests.
9.8.1 Four-ball Wear Test and Four-ball EP.
9.9 Application Examples of Biobased Greases.
9.9.1 Rail Curve Greases.
9.9.2 Solid Lubricants.
9.9.3 Truck Greases.
10 Factors Affecting the Environment.
10.1 Biodegradable and Biobased.
10.2 REACH.
10.3 Biodegradation of Oils.
10.3.1 Biodegradability Test.
10.3.2 Electrolytic Respirometer.
10.4 Toxicity Types and Testing Methods.
10.5 Chronic Toxicity.
10.6 Terrestrial Plant Toxicity.
References.
List of Useful Organizations.
Useful Test Methods.
Glossary.
Index.
