How to use this book.

1 Type 1 Diabetes.

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Who gets type 1 diabetes?

How does it present?

Essentials of management.

Insulin.

Food.

Hypoglycaemia.

Ketoacidosis.

Living with type 1 diabetes.

Blood glucose testing.

Complications.

History.

Fact file.

Further reading.

2 Type 2 Diabetes.

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Who gets type 2 diabetes?

How does it present?

Management.

Eating.

Physical activity.

Tablets.

Insulin.

Living with type 2 diabetes.

Blood glucose and urine testing.

Complications.

History.

Further reading.

Fact file.

3 The Eye in Diabetes.

Structure of the normal eye.

The retina.

Diabetic retinopathy.

Other diabetes-associated changes in the eye.

Further reading.

Fact file.

4 The Need to Screen.

Is blindness preventable?

Can the progression of retinopathy be slowed?

Detecting asymptomatic retinopathy.

The five principles of retinal screening.

Quality assurance.

History of the development of retinal screening by photography-based systems in the UK.

Fact file.

Further reading.

5 Practical Screening.

Important first steps.

Measuring visual acuity.

Interpretation of visual acuity measurement.

Instilling eye drops.

Tropicamide.

Other eye drops.

Obtaining the image.

Examining the image.

Disc.

Vessels.

Retina.

Explaining the results of screening.

Organization of a district screening system.

Links with your ophthalmologist.

Further reading.

Fact file.

6 Normal Retinal Appearances.

Light reflection artefact (Figure 6.1).

Light reflection artefact (Figure 6.2).

Tortuous vessels (Figure 6.3).

Tiger striping (Figure 6.4).

Tiger striping (Figure 6.5).

Myelinated fibres (Figure 6.6).

Myopic crescent (Figure 6.7).

Pigmented image (Figure 6.8).

Asteroid hyalosis (Figure 6.9).

Choroidal circulation (Figure 6.10).

Eyelash a

How to use this book.

1 Type 1 Diabetes.

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Who gets type 1 diabetes?

How does it present?

Essentials of management.

Insulin.

Food.

Hypoglycaemia.

Ketoacidosis.

Living with type 1 diabetes.

Blood glucose testing.

Complications.

History.

Fact file.

Further reading.

2 Type 2 Diabetes.

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Who gets type 2 diabetes?

How does it present?

Management.

Eating.

Physical activity.

Tablets.

Insulin.

Living with type 2 diabetes.

Blood glucose and urine testing.

Complications.

History.

Further reading.

Fact file.

3 The Eye in Diabetes.

Structure of the normal eye.

The retina.

Diabetic retinopathy.

Other diabetes-associated changes in the eye.

Further reading.

Fact file.

4 The Need to Screen.

Is blindness preventable?

Can the progression of retinopathy be slowed?

Detecting asymptomatic retinopathy.

The five principles of retinal screening.

Quality assurance.

History of the development of retinal screening by photography-based systems in the UK.

Fact file.

Further reading.

5 Practical Screening.

Important first steps.

Measuring visual acuity.

Interpretation of visual acuity measurement.

Instilling eye drops.

Tropicamide.

Other eye drops.

Obtaining the image.

Examining the image.

Disc.

Vessels.

Retina.

Explaining the results of screening.

Organization of a district screening system.

Links with your ophthalmologist.

Further reading.

Fact file.

6 Normal Retinal Appearances.

Light reflection artefact (Figure 6.1).

Light reflection artefact (Figure 6.2).

Tortuous vessels (Figure 6.3).

Tiger striping (Figure 6.4).

Tiger striping (Figure 6.5).

Myelinated fibres (Figure 6.6).

Myopic crescent (Figure 6.7).

Pigmented image (Figure 6.8).

Asteroid hyalosis (Figure 6.9).

Choroidal circulation (Figure 6.10).

Eyelash artefact (Figure 6.11).

7 Background Retinopathy.

What is background retinopathy?

Lesions.

Early background (Figure 7.1).

Early background (Figure 7.2).

Early background (Figure 7.3).

Early background (Figure 7.4).

Early background (Figure 7.5).

Moderate background (Figure 7.6).

8 Severe Non-proliferative (‘Pre-proliferative’) Retinopathy.

Severe non-proliferative retinopathy (Figure 8.1).

Severe non-proliferative retinopathy (Figure 8.2).

Severe non-proliferative retinopathy (Figure 8.3).

Severe non-proliferative retinopathy (Figure 8.4).

9 Maculopathy.

What is maculopathy?

Management of maculopathy.

Blood pressure control.

Blood glucose control.

Referral to ophthalmologist.

Exudates close to the fovea (Figure 9.1).

Severe retinopathy close to the macula (Figure 9.2).

Widespread exudates (Figure 9.3).

Large plaque exudates (Figure 9.4).

Linear exudates close to the fovea (Figure 9.5).

Plaque exudates near the fovea (Figure 9.6).

Circinate exudates within the arcades (Figure 9.7).

Widespread exudates with circinates (Figure 9.8).

Coalescent exudates in the macula region (Figure 9.9).

10 Proliferative Retinopathy.

What is proliferative retinopathy?

New vessels on the disc (Figure 10.1).

Disc n

One year later – same eye as Figure 12.5 (Figure 12.6).

Papilloedema (Figure 12.7).

Pigment epithelial hypertrophy (Figure 12.8).

Cholesterol embolus (Figure 12.9).

Branch retinal vein occlusion (Figure 12.10).

Branch retinal artery occlusion (Figure 12.11).

Glaucomatous disc (Figure 12.12).

Macular hole (Figure 12.13).

13 Self-assessment Questions.

Chapter 1.

Chapter 2.

Chapter 3.

Chapter 4.

Chapter 5.

Chapters 6–12.

14 Background Information.

Driving and diabetes.

Insurance and diabetes.

Employment and diabetes.

Prescription charges.

British Association of Retinal Screeners (BARS).

Diabetes UK.

National Retinopathy Screening Systems.

Laser therapy.

Vitrectomy.

Ophthalmoscopy.

15 Answers to Self-assessment Questions.

Chapter 1.

Chapter 2.

Chapter 3.

Chapter 4.

Chapter 5.

16 Glossary of Terms.

Index.