InhaltsangabeContributing Authors.- The Enteroviruses: an Emerging Infectious Disease? The Real, the Speculative.and the Really Speculative.- Mark J. Abzug.- Introduction.- Enterovirus 71: a "New" Neurologic Threat.- Modern Epidemiology and Clinical Presentations.- EV71 Brainstem Encephalitis.- EV71 Acute Flaccid Paralysis.- EV71 Diagnosis.- EV71 Pathogenesis.- EV71 History and the Emergence of Severe Epidemic Disease.- Therapy of EV71 Infection.- Congenital EV Infection.- Previous Evidence of In Utero EV Infection.- New Evidence for Congenital EV Infection: Amniotic Fluid Studies.- New Evidence for Congenital EV Infection: Placental Studies.- New Evidence of Congenital EV Infection: What Does it Mean?.- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.- Evidence implicating EVs: the European Experience.- Evidence from Europe Not Implicating EVs.- New Evidence Implicating EVs: the American Experience.- Evidence Linking EV Infection and CFS: Possible Explanations.- Conclusions.- References.- Science and Society: The HIV Epidemic and South African Political Responses.- Hoosen M. Coovadia and Imraan Coovadia.- Introduction.- South Africa: The AIDS Advisory Committee.- Sarafina.- The Virodene Saga.- The Presidential AIDS Advisory Panel (Mbeki Panel, 2001).- The Durban Declaration.- The Enigma of President Mbeki.- Pragmatism.- Preoccupation with Governance.- The Politics of Negotiation.- AIDS and the Global Context.- Conclusion.- References.- Pathogenesis of Group A Streptococcal Infections and Their Sequelae.- Madeleine W. Cunningham.- Introduction.- Virulence Determinants and the Host Response.- Acute Rheumatic Fever.- 3.1 Immune Mechanisms in Rheumatic Carditis.- 3.1.1 Antibody Reacts with Valve Endothelium.- 3.1.2 T cell Infiltration through Valve Endothelium.- 3.1.3 Immune Mechanisms in Sydenham's Chorea.- Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 4. Snakes, Jellyfish and Spiders.- Bart J. Currie.- Introduction.- Toxins and clinical relevance.- Snakebite.- Jellyfish stings.- Spider bites.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Current Status of Group A Streptococcal Vaccine Development.- James B. Dale.- Introduction.- Burden of Disease Caused by GAS Infections.- Current Strategies for Vaccine Development.- Rationale for M Protein-Based GAS Vaccines.- Preclinical Evaluation of a 26-Valent M Protein-Based Vaccine.- Clinical Experience with the 26-Valent GAS Vaccine.- Development of Vaccines Designed to Prevent Rheumatic Fever.- Summary and Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- New Aspects on Diagnosis and Transmission of Hepatitis B in Paediatric Patients and Pregnant Women.- Robert A. de Man, Annemiek van der Eijck and Irene Veldhuijzen.- Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B and the paediatric patient.- Infectivity of body fluids.- Implications for the paediatric patient.- Chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy.- References.- Pertussis Immunisation in Adolescents and Adults.- Ulrich Heininger.- Introduction.- Epidemiology.- 2.1 Incidence of pertussis disease compared to B. pertussis.- infections in adolescents and adults.- 2.2 Adolescents and adults as the source for pertussis in infants.- Disease.- Diagnosis.-Treatment.- Prevention by Immunisation.- Successful Childhood Programmes.- Expanding Programmes Beyond Childhood.- Summary.- References.- 8. Trachoma: Recent Developments.- David Mabey.- Introduction.- Epidemiology.- Trachoma assessment.- Clinical signs and C. trachomatis infection.- Pathogenesis of Trachoma.- The SAFE strategy.- Surgery.- Antibiotic.- References.- 9. Gonococcal Infections in Newborns and in Adolescents.- Noni MacDonald, Tim Mailman, Shalini Desai.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Microbe.- 3. Gonococcal Infection in Newborns.- 4. Gonococcal Ophthalmia Neonatorum.- 5. Neonatal Gonococcal Scalp Abscess and Disseminated Gonococcal Infection.- 6. Diagnosis of Neonatal Gonococcal Infections.- 7. Treatment of Neonatal Gonococcal Infections.- 8. Prevention of Neonatal Gonococcal Infection.- 9. Gonococcal Inf